Only the President Can Veto Bills

The U.S. Constitution grants the President of the United States the sole power to veto—say â€Å"No†Ã¢â‚¬â€to bills passed by both houses of Congress. A vetoed bill can still become law if Congress overrides the president’s action by obtaining a supermajority vote of two-thirds of the members of both the House (290 votes) and the Senate (67 votes).    While the Constitution does not contain the phrase â€Å"presidential veto,† Article I requires that every bill, order, resolution or other act of legislation passed by the Congress must be presented to the president for his or her approval and signature before it officially becomes law. The presidential veto clearly illustrates the function of the system of â€Å"checks and balances† designed for the U.S government by the nation’s Founding Fathers. While the president, as head of the executive branch, can â€Å"check† to the power of the legislative branch by vetoing bills passed by Congress, the legislative branch can â€Å"balance† that power by overriding the president’s veto. The first presidential veto occurred on April 5, 1792, when President George Washington vetoed an apportionment bill that would have increased the membership of the House by providing for additional representatives for some states. The first successful congressional override of a presidential veto took place on March 3, 1845, when Congress overrode President John Tyler’s veto of a controversial spending bill.    Historically, Congress succeeds in overriding a presidential veto in less than 7% of its attempts.For example, in its 36 attempts to override vetoes issued by President George W. Bush, Congress succeeded only once. The Veto Process When a bill is passed by both the House and Senate, it is sent to the presidents desk for his signature. All bills and joint resolutions, except those proposing amendments to the Constitution, must be signed by the president before they become law. Amendments to the Constitution, which require a two-thirds vote of approval in each chamber, are sent directly to the states for ratification. When presented with legislation passed by both houses of Congress, the president is constitutionally required to act on it in one of four ways: sign it into law within the 10-day period prescribed in the Constitution, issue a regular veto, let the bill become law without his signature or issue a pocket veto. Regular Veto When Congress is in session, the president may, within the 10-day period, exercise a regular veto by sending the unsigned bill back to the chamber of Congress from which it originated along with a veto message stating his reasons for rejecting it. Currently, the president must veto the bill in its entirety. He may not veto individual provisions of the bill while approving others. Rejecting individual provisions of a bill is called a line-item veto. In 1996, Congress passed a law granting President Clinton the power to issue line-item vetoes, only to have the Supreme Court declare it unconstitutional in 1998. Bill Becomes Law Without Presidents Signature When Congress is not adjourned, and the president fails to either sign or veto a bill sent to him by the end of the 10-day period, it becomes law without his signature. The Pocket Veto When Congress is adjourned, the president can reject a bill by simply refusing to sign it. This action is known as a pocket veto, coming from the analogy of the president simply putting the bill in his pocket and forgetting about it. Unlike a regular veto, Congress has neither the opportunity or constitutional authority to override a pocket veto. How Congress Responds to a Veto When the President returns a bill to the chamber of Congress from which it came, along with his objections in the form of a veto message, that chamber is constitutionally required to reconsider the bill. The Constitution is silent, however, on the meaning of reconsideration. According to the Congressional Research Service, procedure and tradition govern the treatment of vetoed bills. On receipt of the vetoed bill, the Presidents veto message is read into the journal of the receiving house. After entering the message into the journal, the House of Representatives or the Senate complies with the constitutional requirement to reconsider by laying the measure on the table (essentially stopping further action on it), referring the bill to committee, postponing consideration to a certain day, or immediately voting on reconsideration (vote on override). Overriding a Veto Action by both the House and the Senate is required to override a presidential veto. A two-thirds, supermajority vote of the Members present is required to override a presidential veto. If one house fails to override a veto, the other house does not attempt to override, even if the votes are present to succeed. The House and Senate may attempt to override a veto anytime during the Congress in which the veto is issued. Should both houses of Congress successfully vote to override a presidential veto, the bill becomes law. According to the Congressional Research Service, from 1789 through 2004, only 106 of 1,484 regular presidential vetoes were overridden by Congress. The Veto Threat Presidents often publicly or privately threaten Congress with a veto in order to influence the content of a bill or prevent its passage. Increasingly, the â€Å"veto threat† has become a common tool of presidential politics and is often effective in shaping U.S. policy. Presidents also use the veto threat in order to prevent Congress from wasting time crafting and debating bills they intend to veto under any circumstances.

The Diverse Nature Of Psychology - 1200 Words

The Diverse Nature of Psychology Name Institution The Diverse Nature of Psychology Introduction Psychology consists of a wide collection of diverse concepts, which influence its precise nature that includes the study of behavior and mind in different organisms. Ideally, these organisms range from the most complex to the most primitive. In essence, diversity involves recognizing the variability of characteristics, which make people unique such as their physical appearance, partnered/marital status, culture, age, language, and age. Other characteristics include their gender, education, ethnicity, economic background, sexual orientation, religion, and geographic background (James, 2007). Subsequently, psychology is particularly the†¦show more content†¦It is worth noting that human beings are naturally rational and logical. This enables them to make choices and decisions, which make sense to them. The law of contiguity denotes that two events will be connected in a person’s mind mainly when they are closely experienced together in time. Besides, the learning theory probes the associative learning’s behavioral concepts popularly referred to as operant and classical conditioning. Addictions and phobias share cohesion with responses to a particular stimulus through the fundamentals of operant and classical conditioning (James, 2007). On the other hand, classical conditioning takes place when a certain stimulus is joined and proceeds over an unconditioned stimulus. These two-paired together stimuli are known as theory/SR-Learning since that stimulus is already paired together with the response while the same stimulus follows the response. Conversely, within the classical conditioning, the already conditioned stimulus ensures that it precedes the unconditioned stimulus. Additionally, the unconditioned stimulus proceeds to create the desired response. In effect, when this process is repeated several times, the removal of the unconditioned stimulus can take place, and the conditioned stimulus can produce the anticipated response effectively on its own. It is paramount to note that to have a respondent or classical conditioning, the existence of a stimulus is needed so that it can reflexively or automatically elicit a

Music and Concert Essay Thesis Example For Students

Music and Concert Essay Thesis This genre of music is amusing and very pleasing to the ears. The band members are some of the most talented musicians Vive heard. This was my first time attending a Jazz concert. Therefore, I didnt know what kind of music to expect. This concert was a new experience for me. It was far different from any rock concert held in some big venue. The purpose of this concert was to give people a taste of jazz. This was a Jazz concert, but some of the pieces they interpreted were modern. The music that was played was not the kind that makes you does off. We will write a custom essay on Music and Concert Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now I was somewhat excited about attending this concert; I was hoping I wouldnt be disappointed or get board. Vive always loved the sound of a trumpet. My favorite musical group the Dave Matthews Band has a trumpet player, and this is how I started enjoying the sound. Therefore, I knew that this concert must be worth going to. This concert gave me a chance to look deeper into what Jazz music is all about. When I got there I really liked what I heard. I am going to look more into this type of music. This is the type of music that you Just want to sit back and relax and listen to. Its not to slow where you are at the point of falling asleep. Jazz music has got a certain element to it that no other type of music has. In all, this concert was a wonderful experience for me. I found a passion for a different brand of music. The first question I asked myself at the beginning of the concert was how much do I actually know about Jazz? I have always characterized Jazz music as a rhythmic and instrumental form of music. My impression on the basis of the Jazz has always been portrayed with that Jazz is noticeable, but not necessarily understandable by words. Tickets werent sold given that it was a high school band performance. The theater itself was a standard high school theater. The stage was set up well with nice lighting. The entire band consisted of eighteen musicians. There were sixteen males and two females. In the front of the stage was the director. Also in the front were the base guitars, the girl playing a keyboard, and the clarinets. Behind them were the saxophone players and the trombone players. In the rear were the trumpet players as well as the drummer. I believe this setup allowed for their superb sound. Over all our seats were incredible and made the performance much more enjoyable. Between songs the director (Matt Young) gave a short introduction to each of the peaces they would be playing. Off the hook, The girl from Panama, Song for my father, Back and forth, The mask of the chili pepper, Velvet rain, Hocus pocus, orange drink, Suit and Tie were the songs that were played. Each song had its own unique style and sound, my favorite by far was their interpretation of The girl From Panama, it had a constant tempo, it also had a slow, inky, and earthy sound to it. The saxophonist seemed to be improvising during his solo. The drummer acted like the timekeeper in this piece. It had a standard tune Music and Concert By summarizer Cop Cabana beach. The tone of the Jazz band that I saw was smooth and inviting. This made the bands easier to listen to. They were polyphonic in structure, where all of the different instruments were playing different melodies. Through the entire show the musicians gave an outstanding performance. Each soloist perfectly captured the musics emotion. Even when there wasnt a solo, each musician played with an almost tangible energy. The first half was filled with noteworthy pieces. Everyone in the concert was polite. Whenever the conductor came to the stage or the song end, everyone would stand and applauded the performers; the applause lasted for a pretty long time. Besides the music, I had deep impression of the performers; the performers in the concert showed much passion when they performed. Because of their wonderful performance, I will definitely be listening to more Jazz in the future.

Three Women Talking Essay Example For Students

Three Women Talking Essay Women on men and vice versa  Toward the end of Arnold Weskers new play Three Women Talking, a slightly tipsy character named Claire Dawn Hope delivers a long speech at an all-female dinner party. Introduced mock-portentously as the Puzaltski story, the speech is a vulgar joke about a wife who fills in for her football-player husband on his last game with the team. Injured heroically on the field, shes hauled off to the locker room, where the trainer, incapable of believing a woman could have performed so superbly, pushes down on her breasts and assures her that as soon as I getcha balls back into place your prick will come out of hiding, trust me! We will write a custom essay on Three Women Talking specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Though the rest of its conversation generally takes place on a more elevated level, Three Women Talking never strays from the topics embodied in the Puzaltski story. The two-act comedy-drama   currently receiving its premiere, not in Weskers home base of England but at Northlight Theatre in the Chicago suburb of Evanston is permeated by themes of competition and violence (primarily psychological). It explores the experience of being an outsider (Wesker says his Jewishness makes him an alien voice in the British theatre), womens painful efforts to assert themselves on the male-dominated playing field of society, and mens tendency to ignore womens distinctive sexual and emotional characteristics and their power. The Puzaltski story, with its topic of cross-gender impersonation, also leads to the question of a male playwrights ability to put himself in womens positions. Wesker says his intention was to write a play about the way women talk about men. I know what youre going to ask: How do you presume to say you know how women talk? I never know what to say to that. There were strong women in my life. My mother, my sister, four aunts, some special cousinsI prefer women. Nearly all my plays have women as central characters. Theyre more courageous, intense. The characters in Three Women Talking, male and female, are certainly intense. The play might more accurately be called Three Couples Talking, though the couples are estranged. The men speak first, in a series of short monologues: Leo, a 44-year-old financial analyst, is in anguish because his wife Mischa has left him; Montcrieff, a 55-year-old writer, rambles on to an imagined mistress about his ex-wife Minerva, whom he left five years earlier; Vincent, a rising Labor Party politician, rehearses for an upcoming television interview. It is to watch Vincents interview that the three women have gathered over dinner at Mischas apartment. The hostess (Carmen Roman), 42, is an academic of Eastern European Jewish ancestry; Minerva (Mary Ann Thebus) is a 50-year-old businesswoman and disillusioned ex-feminist; and Claire (Margo Buchanan), a 39-year-old political researcher, is the recently discarded mistress of Vincent, who dumped her to preserve the family-man image necessary to his political career. An embittered anti-idealist, Claire seems the most proper and least earthy of the three women; but, like the Mrs. Puzaltski of her joke, she reveals an unsuspected capacity for getting down and dirty when the game gets rough. Nevertheless, Three Women Talking is very much a play of ideas. Wesker, who came to prominence in the late 1950s and early |60s with such plays as Roots, The Kitchen and Chips with Everything, thinks internationally, yet feels domestically, the late British critic Kenneth Tynan once wrote. Despite its homey settings   including the mock-living room set of the TV talkshow Vincent appears on   Three Women Talking addresses far-reaching issues: possible war between Islamic theocracies and Western societies that lack a unifying religious ideology; the Holocaust; and the scientific theory of chaos. Weskers characters toss about educated references to high and low culture ranging from the Bible to John Ruskin, from Singin in the Rain to Shakespeare. .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc , .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc .postImageUrl , .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc , .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc:hover , .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc:visited , .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc:active { border:0!important; } .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc:active , .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7e68a32147a6c0983208825df14cd4bc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Three Birds Alighting on a Field EssayMostly, though, the characters talk about sexual relationships   from the raw realities of physical intercourse to the most perverse ambiguities of love, hate, faith and betrayal. The first words out of a womans mouth are commonplace hyperbole: Men! Theyre all the same! Interchangeable! sneers the disenchanted Minerva. The play then proceeds to disprove her by laying bare the myriad inconsistencies of all its characters. Minervas put-down of men as interchangeable also functions as a theatrica joke: While the women are played by three different actresses, the men are portrayed by a single actor, David Downs. At the plays climax, Downs performs a trio with himself, as Montcrieff holds the stage in a long speech about wishing he could give birth   to give meaning to this hopeless, helpless, weird and wonderful life   while Leo is heard on tape and Vincent is seen and heard on videotape. This device was conceived last summer when Northlights artistic director, Russell Vandenbroucke, traveled to Weskers home in Wales for woodshedding sessions. (The relationship between Wesker and Northlight was established in 1988, when the theatre presented Weskers 1976 Lover Letters on Blue Paper.) I like the idea as a theatrical coup, says Wesker. It also means the actor has a substantial role. But what does Wesker really think about ideas like Claires assertion, Men are for manipulating. Why else were we given tears? I think women often say things like that, he shrugs. And at a certain level its true. There are unpleasant characteristics which men hold in common. And there are unpleasant characteristics which women hold in common. I didnt research this play   but I hear women talking about men. Its sort of an accumulation of observations over the years. Some of it is imagined, of course. I projected myself into these personalities. I really dont think characters live on the stage unless they have substance, so I endow my characters with ideas, Wesker adds. Sometimes the ideas these characters express are confused with the ideas of the playwright. They shouldnt be. Still, its hard not to hear the writers own self-examination echoed in the words of his character Montcrieff, who longs to experience the uniquely female process of birth and says hes cursed with this infantile obsession to produce. That leads to a riff on the subject of literature. What is it? Scavenging! A writer is a vulture that picks at the dead and the partly living.And when Ive got it all down in a book I go into a marketplace and I take it out of my pocket like a vendor of dirty little postcards, slightly ashamed. You wanna look-see? You buy? Cheap and lovely literature! Best art in town!'

The History Of The Ku Klux Klan Essays - , Term Papers

The History of the Ku Klux Klan The Ku Klux Klan (KKK) is one of America's oldest and most feared groups. Driven by the dream of a world with only one master race, the KKK often uses violence and moves above the law to promote their cause. They didn't start of violent, or to promote white supremacy. They have been in the shadows for over 130 years and continue to thrive in America's society today. The Ku Klux Klan began almost accidentally during the reconstruction period after the civil war in the Southern United States. The southern people had suffered greatly from the effects of the great war. Many of them lost their homes and plantations. Many also lost friends and loved ones to the war. The people needed a release from the sorrow of everyday life. In 1865, six men from a small town in Tennessee accidentally began what has grown to be the largest and most feared "hate group" in the country. The men decided to make a club to help release the stress of the times. The men were all poor and could not afford to make gowns or great costumes for the group, so they decided to use linens. They wore the linens over their backs and put pillowcases on their heads. They also draped the linens over their horses. The Ku Klux Klan was going to ride for the first time. In the beginning, the men wanted to do nothing more than play pranks on people. However, the people were more frightened than they were cheered up. They soon realized what they could do with these fear tactics. The South had turned into a place that was no longer theirs. The slaves were now free (many of these men were slave owners) and carpetbaggers were coming from the North to take advantage of the southern people. They saw the opportunity to set back the South to what it had been. The KKK soon began to ride through political rallies of the carpetbaggers. People often fled the rallies out of fear. Word quickly spread across the South about these masked men. Many people loved the idea and wanted to be involved. The Klan quickly grew. A leader was soon needed to control the large group. Their first choice was Southern General Robert E. Lee. Although he supported the group and its cause, he was very ill and could not handle the task. Their next choice was a man named Nathan Bedford Forrest. Forrest, although he wasn't as well known as General Lee, he was a great leader. He was born in Mississippi and owned a plantation. He fought for the confederate army for a long time before they recognized his abilities. Although he didn't arrive early enough to greatly impact the war, he gained the respect of the top confederate leaders. After the war he was infuriated by the carpetbaggers and needed a way to fight back. He saw the Ku Klux Klan as a way to do it. He was quickly accepted as the "Grand Wizard". He had absolute power over the Klan members. The men were eager to do what he said, they trusted him. Many of the men were in need of a sense of belonging. The KKK gave them this. The Klan was very secretive, all of the members were safe from people knowing their real identities (if that was their wish). Because of this secrecy, they gained the alternate name of "The Invisible Empire". The Klan really began to take control in the year of 1868. They vowed to rid the south of carpetbaggers, blacks and any person who supported them. They stole the oppositions goods, beat them and even killed them. These murders were known as "lynching". They would drag the person to the center of the town and hang them in front of everyone. This method was very effective, people feared it would happen to themselves if they had anything to do with the carpetbaggers or blacks. After the U.S. government removed troops from the South in the late 1800's, the Klan achieved its goal. Many of the groups disbanded and Forrest left. After the turn of the century, it started again. This time the goal was much larger, freeing America of all non white, Christian Americans. This is the Ku Klux Klan we know today. The new breed of Klan differed from the old version in many ways. The old Klan wanted to set things back to the old ways. They wanted their freedom back and

Charlotte Brontë, 19th Century Novelist

Charlotte Brontà «, 19th Century Novelist Best-known as the author of Jane Eyre, Charlotte Brontà « was a 19th century writer, poet, and novelist. She was also one of the three Brontà « sisters, along with Emily and Anne, famous for their literary talents.   Dates:  April 21, 1816 -  March 31, 1855Also known as: Charlotte Nicholls; pen name Currer Bell Early Life   Charlotte was the third of six siblings born in six years to the Rev. Patrick Brontà « and his wife, Maria Branwell Brontà «. Charlotte was born at the parsonage in Thornton, Yorkshire, where her father was serving. All six children were born before the family moved in April 1820 to  the 5-room parsonage at Haworth on the moors of Yorkshire that they would call home for most of their lives. Her father had been appointed as perpetual curate there, meaning that he and his family could live in the parsonage as long as he continued his work there. The father encouraged the children to spend time in nature on the moors. Maria died the year after the youngest, Anne, was born, possibly of uterine cancer or of chronic pelvic sepsis. Maria’s older sister, Elizabeth, moved from Cornwall to help care for the children and for the parsonage. She had an income of her own. The Clergymen’s Daughter’s School In September of 1824, the four older sisters, including Charlotte, were sent to the Clergy Daughters’ School at Cowan Bridge, a school for the daughters of impoverished clergy. The daughter of writer Hannah Moore was also in attendance. The harsh conditions of the school were later reflected in Charlotte Brontà «s novel,  Jane Eyre. A typhoid fever outbreak at the school led to several deaths.  The next February, Maria was sent home very ill, and she died in May, probably of pulmonary tuberculosis. Elizabeth was sent home late in May, also ill. Patrick Brontà « brought his other daughters home as well, and Elizabeth died on June 15. Maria, the eldest daughter, had served as a mother figure for her younger siblings; Charlotte decided she needed to fulfill a similar role as the eldest surviving daughter. Imaginary Lands When her brother Patrick was given some wooden soldiers as a gift in 1826, the siblings began to make up stories about the world that the soldiers lived in. They wrote the stories in tiny script, in books small enough for the soldiers, and also provided newspapers and poetry for the world they apparently first called Glasstown.  Charlotte’s first known story was written in March of 1829; she and Branwell wrote most of the initial stories. In January of 1831, Charlotte was sent to school at Roe Head, about fifteen miles from home. There she made friends of Ellen Nussey and Mary Taylor, who were to be part of her life later as well.   Charlotte excelled in school, including at French. In eighteen months, Charlotte returned home, and resumed the Glasstown saga. Meanwhile Charlottes younger sisters, Emily  and Anne, had created their own land, Gondal, and Branwell had created a rebellion. Charlotte negotiated a truce and cooperation among the siblings. She began the Angrian stories. Charlotte also created paintings and drawings – 180 of them survive.  Branwell, her younger brother, got familial support for developing his painting skills towards a possible career; such support was not available to the sisters. Teaching In July of 1835 Charlotte had an opportunity to become a teacher at Roe Head school. They offered her a tuition-free admission for one sister as payment for her services. She took Emily, two years younger than Charlotte, with her, but Emily soon became ill, an illness attributed to homesickness.   Emily returned to Haworth and the youngest sister, Anne, took her place. In 1836, Charlotte sent some of the poems she had written to England’s poet laureate. He discouraged her pursuit of a career, suggesting that because she was a woman, she pursue her â€Å"real duties† as a wife and mother.  Charlotte, nevertheless, continued writing poems and novellas. The school moved in 1838, and Charlotte left that position in December, returning home and later calling herself â€Å"shattered.† She had continued to return to the imaginary world of Angria on holidays from school, and continued writing in that world after she moved back to the family home. Shattered In May of 1839 Charlotte briefly became a governess. She hated the role, especially the sense she had of having â€Å"no existence† as a family servant. She left in mid-June. A new curate, William Weightman, arrived in August of 1839 to assist the Rev. Brontà «. A new and young clergyman, he seems to have attracted flirting from both Charlotte and Anne, and perhaps more attraction from Anne. Charlotte received two different proposals in 1839.  One was from Henry Nussey the brother of her friend, Ellen, with whom she’d continued to correspond. The other was from an Irish minister. Charlotte turned them both down. Charlotte took another governess position in March of 1841; this one lasted until December. She returned home thinking she’d start a school. Her aunt Elizabeth Branwell promised financial support. Brussels In February of 1842 Charlotte and Emily went to London and then Brussels.  They attended a school in Brussels for six months, then Charlotte and Emily were both asked to stay on, serving as teachers to pay for their tuition. Charlotte taught English and Emily taught music. In September, they learned that the young Rev. Weightman had died. But they had to return home in October for a funeral, when their aunt Elizabeth Branwell died.  The four Brontà « siblings received shares of their aunt’s estate, and Emily worked as a housekeeper for her father, serving in the role their aunt had taken.   Anne returned to a governess position, and Branwell followed Anne to serve with the same family as a tutor.   Charlotte returned to Brussels to teach. She felt isolated there, and perhaps fell in love with the master of the school, though her affections and interest were not returned.  She returned home at the end of a year, though she continued to write letters to the schoolmaster from England. Charlotte moved back to Haworth, and Anne, returning from her governess position, did the same. Their father needed more help in his work, as his vision was failing.  Branwell had also returned, in disgrace, and declined in health as he increasingly turned to alcohol and opium. Writing for Publication In 1845, a quite significant event that started small happened: Charlotte found Emily’s poetry notebooks.   She got excited at their quality, and Charlotte, Emily and Anne discovered each others’ poems. The three selected poems from their collections for publication, choosing to do so under male pseudonyms. The false names would share their initials: Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell. They assumed that male writers would find easier publication. The poems were published as Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton Bell in May of 1846 with the help of the inheritance from their aunt.   They did not tell their father or brother of their project.  The book only initially sold two copies, but got positive reviews, which encouraged Charlotte. The sisters began preparing novels for publication. Charlotte wrote the Professor, perhaps imagining a better relationship with her friend, the Brussels schoolmaster.   Emily wrote   Wuthering Heights, adapted from the Gondal stories.   Anne wrote Agnes Grey, rooted in her experiences as a governess. The next year, July 1847, the stories by Emily and Anne, but not Charlotte’s, were accepted for publication, still under the Bell pseudonyms.   They were not actually published immediately, however. Jane Eyre Charlotte wrote Jane Eyre and offered that to the publisher, ostensibly an autobiography edited by Currer Bell.   The book became a quick hit.   Some surmised from the writing that Currer Bell was a woman, and there was much speculation about who the author might be.  Some critics condemned the relationship between Jane and Rochester as â€Å"improper.† The book, with some revisions, entered a second edition in January 1848, and a third in April of that same year. Clarification of Authorship After Jane Eyre had proven a success, Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey also were published.   A publisher began advertising the three as a package, suggesting that the three â€Å"brothers† were really a single author.   By that time Anne had also written and published The Tenant of Wildfell Hall. Charlotte and Emily went to London to claim authorship by the sisters, and their identities were made public. Tragedy Charlotte had begun a new novel, when her brother Branwell, died in April of 1848, probably of tuberculosis.   Some have speculated that the conditions at the parsonage were not so healthy, including a poor water supply and chilly, foggy weather. Emily caught what seemed to be a cold at his funeral, and became ill. She declined quickly, refusing medical care until relenting in her last hours.   She died in December.   Then Anne began to show symptoms, though she, after Emily’s experience, did seek medical help.   Charlotte and her friend Ellen Nussey took Anne to Scarborough for a better environment, but Anne died there in May of 1849, less than a month after arriving.   Branwell and Emily were buried in the parsonage graveyard, and Anne in Scarborough. Returning to Living Charlotte, now the last of the siblings to survive, and still living with her father, completed her new novel, Shirley: A Tale, in August, and it was published in October 1849.   In November Charlotte went to London, where she met such figures as William Makepeace Thackeray and Harriet Martineau. She traveled, staying with various friends.   In 1850 she met Elizabeth Glaskell. She began corresponding with many of her new acquaintances and friends.   She also refused another offer of marriage. She republished Wuthering Heights and Agnes Grey in December 1850, with a biographical note clarifying who her sisters, the authors, really were. The characterization of her sisters as the impractical but caring Emily and the self-denying, reclusive, not so original Anne, tended to persist once those impressions became public.   Charlotte heavily edited her sisters’ work, even while claiming to be advocating truthfulness about them.   She suppressed the publication of Anne’s Tenant of Wildfell Hall, with its portrayal of alcoholism and a woman’s independence. Charlotte wrote Villette, publishing it in January of 1853, and split with Harriet Martineau over it, as Martineau disapproved of it. New Relationship Arthur Bell Nicholls was the Rev. Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s curate, of Irish background like Charlotte’s father was.   He surprised Charlotte with a proposal of marriage.   Charlotte’s father disapproved of the proposal, and Nicholls left his post.   Charlotte turned down his proposal initially, then began secretly corresponding with Nicholls.   They became engaged and he returned to Haworth.   They were married on June 29, 1854, and honeymooned in Ireland. Charlotte continued her writing, beginning a new novel Emma. She also took care of her father at Haworth. She became pregnant the year after her marriage, then found herself extremely ill. She died on March 31, 1855. Her condition was at the time diagnosed as tuberculosis, but some have, much later, speculated that the description of symptom more likely fits the condition hyperemesis gravidarum, essentially an extreme morning sickness with dangerously excessive vomiting. Legacy In 1857, Elizabeth Gaskell published The Life of Charlotte Brontà «, establishing the reputation of Charlotte Brontà « as having suffered from a tragic life.   In 1860, Thackeray published the unfinished Emma.     Her husband helped revise The Professor for publication with the encouragement of Gaskell. By the end of the 19th century, Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s work was largely out of fashion. Interest revived in the late 20th century.   Jane Eyre has been her most popular work, and has been adapted for stage, film and television and even for ballet and opera. Two stories, The Secret and Lily Hart, were not published until 1978. Family Tree Mother: Maria Branwell (April 15, 1783 – September 15, 1821); born in Cornwall. Mother: Anne Crane, whose father was a silversmith. Father: Thomas Branwell, prosperous merchant in Penzance. Maria became a teacher when her parents died.Father: Patrick Brontà « (March 17, 1777 – June 7, 1861); born in Ireland; ordained August 10, 1806; poor   Anglican  clergyman. Studied at St. John’s College, Cambridge, where he changed the spelling of his last name from Brunty. Published poet. Parents: Eleanor McCrory and Hugh Brunty.   (Surname originally mac Aedh Ó Proinntigh)Maria Branwell and Patrick Brontà « married December 29, 1812.  Siblings:Maria Brontà « April 23, 1814 – May 6, 1825Elizabeth Brontà « 1815 – June 15, 1825Patrick Branwell Brontà « June 26, 1817 – September 24, 1848 – usually called Branwell to distinguish him from his father, also PatrickEmily Jane Brontà «Ã‚  July 30, 1818 – December 19, 1848Anne Bront à «Ã‚  January 17, 1820 – May 28, 1849Aunt who helped raise the siblings: Elizabeth Branwell (December 2, 1776 – October 29, 1842), Maria Branwell’s sister Education Clergy Daughters School, Cowan BridgeRoe Head School, Desbury MoorPensionnat Heger, Brussels Marriage, Children Husband: Arthur Bells Nicholls (married June 29, 1854; Anglican clergyman)Children: none; Charlotte died during her first pregnancy Books by Charlotte Brontà « Poems by Currer, Ellis and Acton BellJane Eyre: An AutobiographyShirley: A TaleVillete Posthumous Publication The Professor: A TaleThe Twelve Adventurers and Other StoriesLegends of Angria: Compiled from the Early Writings of Charlotte Brontà «Emma (unfinished)The Poems of Charlotte Brontà « (annotated and enlarged)The Unfinished Novels Books About Charlotte Brontà « Brontà «s at Haworth: The World Within. Charlotte, Anne and Emily Brontà «, published 1993.  Four Brontà «s: The Lives Works of Charlotte, Branwell, Emily Anne Brontà «: Lawrence and Elisabeth Hanson, 1967.

SAB 310 UNIT 1 DICUSS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SAB 310 UNIT 1 DICUSS - Essay Example On the other hand, in October 1987 one of the most vocal religious speakers Jerry Falwell praised an athlete Kevin Edwards; a praise that led the congregation cheer (Rader, 2008). Today, Americans participate in the Super Sunday termed as the country’s biggest religious holiday. Such a revolution has brought about pros and cons of hosting sporting events on Sunday. Most games played on the Lord’s Day reflect devotion to sports and faith through deeply spiritual themes. Through hosting sporting events on Sunday like the Super Bowl, the non-observant persons cram in for spectacle. Event elements such as event fighter jet flyovers, national anthem, and awards integrate a liturgy that brings participants together. The event ends into a festal offering. Sunday sporting events offer convergence for sports, and politics, reuniting all aspects of social life. As a result, more revenue is raised from Sunday hosted sports. The Super Bowl has continued to get bigger and bigger each year banqueted with elaborate and well-articulated food traditions as well as broadcast reaching most people. Religious aspect of football is substituting the deteriorating religious practices and social engagements. It is noted that for two decades, the number of people attending religious services on Sunday has been declining while those attending Sunday sports increase. A steep and steady decline in civic engagement continues to increase. American sports history indicate a fervent revolution turning sports into a religion. The spirit driving the importance of sports in the contemporary American culture depicts sports as a religion. Marin Marty’s definition of an atheist as one who does not care about the outcome of a football match. This implies that Sunday sports will continue to be beneficial in the sport

You can choose the topic you want Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

You can choose the topic you want - Essay Example stence is all about hope and since the dawn of human civilization on this planet, almost all the major religions of the world have either believed in or alluded to rebirth in one form or other. The early Christians do believed in rebirth and life after death and they carried on with this belief until the Middle Ages. The records of many important and influential church fathers like Origen establish beyond doubt that they believed in rebirth and reincarnation. Yet, by the advent of Renaissance, the Christianity dropped the beliefs about reincarnation from its doctrines and rituals. However, two major world religions that are Hinduism and Buddhism regard rebirth and reincarnation to be an essential part of their creed. Though there are many similarities between the Hindu and Buddhist theologies about rebirth, yet there also exist many marked differences between the way the two religions tend to elaborate on the concept and mechanism of rebirth. The fundamental similarity between the Hinduism and the Buddhist beliefs about life after death is that both of them believe in reincarnation or rebirth. Both Hinduism and Buddhism believe that death is not the end of life, but the extension of life into a second life that is a life after death. Thus, there exists nothing as death and the human beings continue to live after death by taking a second birth after death as some other personality, individual or life form. The Hindus believe that eventual goal of the human existence is to merge with the Brahma or the Supreme Being or God and before the attainment of this state; the human beings continue to pass on from one birth to other, from one state of existence to other and experience many births and deaths. As per Hinduism, every individual has to bear with countless and many experiences and has to live many lives before becoming one with the Divine. According to Buddhism, the eventual goal of human consciousness to attain Nirvana o r enlightenment and on its way to Nirvana,

Wireless communication in business (On the Apple example) Essay

Wireless communication in business (On the Apple example) - Essay Example Wireless communication permits people much flexibility in communicating, because they can do so anywhere they want and with a less restrictions. According to Craig Mathias and Lisa Phifer in their article entitled "The Evolving Wireless Landscape", the wireless technology today is frankly amazing.They furthered that wireless technologies have made foremost development in their quest for broadband.Wireless technology has also entered the world of business. The said modernism has helped the business world in different ways such as wireless monitoring in establishments, control devices; video streaming that allows easy access in communicating with people that are distant form each other. It also allows voice messaging, wireless access of the Web through mobile phones, and bar code scanning.Furthermore, wireless technology enables people involve in business to easily access to whatever they need for their businesses. For instance, they can surf the net whenever they want through the help of mobile phones, laptop computers and broadband wireless communication.These assure constant freedom of stable access to the Internet with great speeds without the restriction of connection cables. And with these, users could enhance productivity and accessibility.Wireless technology has of course its benefits especially to the world of business. They improve the convenience, dependability and appropriateness of communication thus, allowing people to, first is to stay steadily connected with other people in spite of the location and without being plugged into anything. It also saves time and money as well through cutting off seconds of usual tasks like tracking down people, examining items and receiving mission-critical warnings (Wailgum, 2006). Challenges of Wireless Communication There also noted challenges of this said technological advancement. First and foremost is that such technologies are now flooding in the market, giving buyers a lot of different choices making them very confusing to choose. Also, wireless technology is mainly limited compared to those wireless alternatives. There is also a delayed factor when it comes to wireless security. Moreover, decline of connections mirrors the inherent restrictions of signals that are easily blocked by physical obstructions like mountains, tunnels, buildings, and the noise produce by radios and the absence of cellular towers and sites in a specific region as well. Physical appearance of the technologies also hampers the great benefit a user can get. For example, small screens in personal digital assistants or PDAs and other wireless devices limit the user to view the screen at once. Also, short battery life duration indicates that the users must be careful in using the said gadgets and in charging the batteries as well (Wailgum, 2006). Just a year ago, Apple Computers launched one of it greatest product, the iPhone. Apple practically surpassed its competitors, with its magnificent graphical interface and user friendliness, the iphone got 37% of the market share of global mobile phone sales. This indeed has put Apple in the lead and supremacy in the digital mobile phone technology race. iPhone will practically change the way people live and do business. Its ability to access the Internet, great graphical interface, multi-touch function, big storage capacity and user friendliness will equip people and business to be mobile yet connected. One fascinating feature is the ability of the iphone to determine the its exact location using google maps, making it easier to find one's way to and forth any destination. It can also assist

Pros And Cons Of Delegating Human Resources Management Essay

Pros And Cons Of Delegating Human Resources Management Essay A line manager is responsible for an employee or a work group who do not have any managerial responsibility. Some of the daily duties that a line manager undertakes are people management, dealing with customers/clients, monitoring work process, measuring operational performance, organising allocation and rotas and monitoring absenteeism. Although line managers play a vital role in bridging the top level management and the lower hierarchical staff on a daily basis, it is seen that most of the line managers, however, may not have formal management education because he/she is generally promoted from within. Due to the daily and frequent contacts between the line managers and the staff to whom he/she is responsible, it has been a more common practice to see the line managers undertaking several human resources responsibilities including recruiting and selection of employee the function otherwise used to be exclusively of the human resource department in the past. This is widely practiced lately mainly because of the fact that the line managers have a better understanding of the job that needs to be carried out in order to match the corporate strategy and operations strategy of the organisation. With the prevailing frequent communication between the line managers and the employees, it also contributes towards increased morale in the employees ensuring a higher productivity and competency of the employees and enhanced focus on customers. Since most of the line managers do not have formal management education, they might not be fully reliant on the managerial tasks that they perform and hence they have drawback in their undertaking of human resources tasks although they have added value to the human resources professionals by allowing them to invest their time on more strategic issues. Pros and Cons of Delegating Human Resources roles to Line Managers Cons Increased speed of decision making Line management responsibility for people issues Local management accountability Potential cost savings Strategic role for central HR/IR Short lines of communication Lack of time to perform HR duties Increase in line managers workload Additional costs of training managers Increase in grievances/tribunal cases Potential for HR/IR to be marginalized People management not considered to be part of the line managers job Pros: Increased speed of decision making: Line management responsibility for people issues Local management accountability Potential cost savings Strategic role for central HR Short lines of communication B. Cons: Lack of time to perform Human Resources duties Increase in line managers workload Additional cost of training line managers Increase in grievance/tribunal case Potential for HR to be marginalised People management not considered to be line managers job The people and performance research carried out for the Chartered Institute of Personnel Development (CIPD) by a team at Bath University (Hutchinson, 2003) found that the line managers played a vital role in terms of implementing and enacting HR policies and practices. They found that where employees feel positive about their relationship with their line managers they are more likely to have higher levels of job satisfaction, commitment and loyalty which are associated with higher levels of performance or discretionary behaviour. Discretionary behaviour is defined as that which goes beyond the requirement of the job to give extra performance which can boost the bottom line. Line managers also play the strongest part in structuring peoples actual experience of doing a job. According to an online survey of 121 organisations, collectively employing almost a quarter of a million people, shows that four in five (80.2%) organisations have devolved responsibilities such as managing flexible working requests and handling grievance and disciplinary procedures to line managers over the past few years. And two in three predict the role of line managers will take on even more HR functions over the next few years. (Williams, 2008) Also, another interesting finding was that the line managers claimed to be satisfied with the HR responsibilities that have been devolved to them and are keen to take on activities that relate explicitly to the development of their team. Most line managers report working closely with their HR counterparts and see the configuration moving towards a partnership. The line managers main concern is that a lack of support from HR during the delivery of the service can detract from the overall effectiveness. They also note that junior level line managers are likely to feel less supported by HR and comment that it is merely their high level position that drives the HR-line partnership in their situations. (Susan Whittaker, 2003). The role of line managers in both public and private organisations has changed quite significantly in recent years. The line managers have been allocated more responsibilities and are accountable not only for budgeting and allocating of resources, but most importantly for people management issues as per Hoogenboorn Brewster (1992.). According to some sources such as Storey (1992: 190), he argues that line managers may well be playing a far more central role in labour management than HR personnel. Whereas another source, Hales (2005) traces the greater involvement of line managers in HR issues to two developments. He argues that the line managers have been taking on the role of a coach , conductor or a leader of a highly motivated team as a result of the spread of Human Resource Management and the adoption of more participative forms of management concerned with securing high performance through commitment rather than control. Human Resource Devolvement has led to line managers acquiring middle management functions and becoming mini-general managers accompanied by the loss of supervisory functions downwards to work teams. It is hence more appropriate for line managers to take responsibility for people development since they operate alongside the people they manage and therefore it is argued that that their reactions are more immediate and appropriate (Whittaker and Marchington, 2003). Initial research indicates some positive support for line manager HR involvement. Hutchinson and Purcell (2003) found that line manager involvement in coaching, guidance and communication positively influences organisational performance. Likewise, a case study of line manager involvement in HR in the NHS by Currie and Proctor (2001) found that line managers are important contributors to strategic change when provided with discretion in implementing HR strategies within their own work groups. Whittaker and Marchington (2003) maintain that line managers increasingly welcome HR responsibilities and are prepared to take them on as they add variation and challenge to their work. Gibb (2003) argues that requiring line managers to be more involved in the HR issues may also lead to a transformation of managers own attitudes towards HR, organisational change and thus a transformation of human relations at work (Gibb, 2003). By increasing line manager involvement in HR, it is argued that better workplace conditions will result as line managers have better understanding than specialists of the type and range of interventions needed. In this pursuit, line managers are assisted by more effective and user-friendly human resource information systems, new technologies and Human Resource call centres, making it possible for line managers to handle some HR work without the assistance of Human Resource Department. It is seen that a speedy resolution of conflicts and lower rate of employee turnover is possible by moving Human Resources responsibilities closer to employees through line managers. Indeed, providing greater authority to line managers and encouraging greater initiative taking may address a long-standing criticism levelled at HR departments; namely a lack of appreciation of the immediacy of the line managers problems (Harris, L, Doughty, D. Kirk, S. (2002). According to Maxwell and Watson (2006), business partnerships between HR specialists and line managers have emerged as the dominant model for Human Resources operations within organisations. Similarly, Ulrich (2005) outlines the role of HR Strategic Partners as working alongside line managers to help them reach their goals by crafting strategies to maximise productivity through alignment of corporate resources to these goals. We can hence understand that devolving HR responsibilities to line managers offers a number of benefits to organisations. A greater freedom to HR specialists to engage with strategic issues is provided enabling them to forge closer relationships with line managers and a partnership model towards managing employees is developed. Similarly, line managers understand and appreciate the complex nature of dealing with the employee issues and become more encouraged and involved in everyday workplace management tasks. However, line managers have pointed various issues concerning HR involvement despite the above mentioned benefits of participating in HR activities. It will obviously increase their workload by getting involved in HR tasks. Increased workload leads to feelings of incompetence among line managers and reluctance to take responsibility for devolved HR activities. Indeed, this has led to feelings amongst some line managers of being dumped upon (Renwick 2003: 265) or pushed upon to take new HR responsibilities (Harris, L, Doughty, D. Kirk, S. (2002):) due to a climate of fear and mistrust driven by HR. The experience and ability of line managers to take responsibility for HR issues may present a major barrier to devolvement. Both Whittaker and Marchington (2003) and Hailey, V.H., Farndale, E. Truss, C. (2005) suggest that line managers skills and competence in HR practices may be limited and a lack of training in this area will undoubtedly affect a line managers overall effectiveness. I ncapability and misunderstanding of HR practices on the part of line managers will prevent the organisation from developing a strong learning culture (McCracken and Wallace, 2000) with McGovern et al. (1997) arguing that a lack of training may lead to inconsistencies in implementing organisational HR policies potentially exposing the organisation to lawsuits and employment tribunals. Their research though, indicates that management development is not a priority for the top management and reliance on the notion of trial-and-error is prevalent in organisations. Furthermore, the failure of organisations to take a long-term developmental view is exposed by a reluctance to set aside a specific budget for training and the belief that management development is the individuals responsibility. Many line managers get under pressure to meet operational targets, and often struggle to fulfil their people management duties. This is partly because they are not equipped with the tools, skills and knowledge they need to be effective. As a result, managers sometimes effectively abdicate responsibility for aspects of people management. A commonly used phrase is thats HRs job often tends to be heard a lot in many companies whether relating to employee development, managing an individuals performance or dealing with absenteeism issues. Recent research involving nearly 3,000 employers by the Work Foundation and the Institute for Employment Studies found that organisations with a comprehensive, structured approach to people management, covering areas such as recruitment, development plans and employee appraisals, perform better than those without, as indicated by higher profits per employee, higher profit margins and ultimately higher productivity. Sometimes its easy to be critical of managers, but often theyre not properly equipped to be effective. Investment in management training requires clearly set-down policies and procedures. There appears to be lack of clear guidance and easily accessible information, its not surprising that many line managers response when an issue arises is either to pick up the phone to HR or to ignore the problem and hope it would goes away or transfer responsibility to someone else. It is interesting but to be fair to line managers, sometimes part of the problem may also lie with the HR department itself. For all the talk about wanting to devolve more responsibility to the line, in practice HR professionals are sometimes reluctant to trust line managers to manage. They are unwilling to give managers the tools and information they need to do the job effectively: after all, knowledge is power, and by being the gatekeepers of all information relating to employees, policies and processes, HR may feel that it has power. This is clearly not in the long-term interests of the HR function. HR teams must realise that if they are to fulfil their potential and be true partners to the business, then they need to trust their managers with the day-today stuff. This doesnt mean being unsupportive but continued support to line managers to assist them with responsibility for the way that people are managed. It does mean defining strategies and policies and then putting in place the frameworks and the systems that enable managers to take accountability for the day-to-day execution but in a controlled, informed and effective way. Line managers must aim to be more accountable whereas HR professionals being more strategic could assist when working together. Better solutions are needed to support key people management processes and its likely that intelligent use of technology is likely to represent at least part of the answer. Technology-based services offer organisations the potential to give much greater support to their line managers, but in a highly cost-effective way. Line managers can be given tools to walk them through common processes, access to comprehensive information about their employees, guidance on how to manage effectively, and prompts when tasks or actions are due all accessed via a single web-based service. In view of the above, making line managers responsible for the delivery of HR can be complex. Line managers may not possess the required skills needed to implement HR initiatives and may feel ill-equipped or insufficiently trained to accept responsibility for day-to-day HR tasks. Devolving HR responsibilities may also represent a lack of appreciation of the workloads, time pressures and overall priorities of line managers threatening the overall standards of HR delivery across the organisation and diminishing the value of HR. It is found that getting line managers involved in HR tasks is a step towards achieving a more strategic, value-added approach to managing employees. Line managers play an important position in the organisational hierarchy and can directly affect the quality of front-line services. It will greatly increase the existing pressures of excess workload and the need to deliver on short-term priorities by devolving line managers with HR responsibilities. It will also mean the requirement of display of a higher level of HR competency by the line managers which calls for the need for high-quality training programmes for line managers to ensure that they feel confident in discharging their new HR responsibilities. Such training may help organisations avoid costly litigation and damage to their public reputation. Therefore, HR professionals must engage with line managers and develop a partnership to bring about a speedier resolution to workplace conflicts by allowing line managers to seek guidance and advice whenever required thereby making line managers more responsible for HR.

Christy Girl :: essays research papers

â€Å"Christy Girl†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Howard Christy was known for his famous â€Å"Christy Girl† exemplifying proud American values and beliefs believed to be consistent with every American female. He became known for his work on war posters to support enlistment for the armed forces. This poster targets the male half of the population, particularly young (teenage) boys.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Here we have a picture of a â€Å"Christy Girl† dressed in a United States Navy uniform with a sailors hat on her head. She exemplifies grace and charm as she says â€Å"Gee! I wish I were A MAN I’d Join the NAVY!† In this cartoon she is saying that by joining the Navy you will be considered a man. This war poster is aimed at young boys. The government was trying to get anyone they could for the war effort and around this time younger and younger men were enlisting in the armed forces. Because the â€Å"Christy Girl† was so highly looked upon for her strong American values, having her grace the front of a war poster would perhaps encourage people who had not previously thought about enlisting to then do so. A female figure is wearing a traditionally male outfit. At this time Navy sailors were thought of as being men. Having a Christy Girl wear a Navy Uniform was a good way to get the young men’s attentions. Patriotism is not real ly being appealed to in this poster. Surprisingly enough this poster shows no flag or any other symbol conventionally thought of as being â€Å"patriotic.† Most war posters are customarily thought of as being similar to the â€Å"Uncle Sam Wants You!† poster with red, white and blue splashed all over the paper.

Statement of Motivation

My purpose for seeking a bachelor Degree in Istanbul aydin is to expand my knowledge of theory and research methods as it pertains to education. I especially want to fine-tune my research skills as I feel that the importance of gaining research skills is imperative to becoming a lifelong learner and developing intellectual self-actualization as I prepare myself for a career in Education. I realize the importance of gaining credibility among my future colleagues and people that I will be serving in the field. Even though I have chosen dynamics as my field of specialization, I am keeping my mind open to other areas of my course program so that I do not limit myself. I am currently studying a 3 month Turkish language course in Antalya, turkey. And am looking forward for a new and fantastic challenge in Istanbul aydin university, it been one of my lifelong dream is to study in an affiliated and amazing university and I believe Istanbul aydin is one of them. Moreover, I have wanted to study media and communication ever since my father shared with me some of his published engineering articles. I have always been a hard worker and have shown that I can handle a diverse work load incorporating work and college into college into my schedule. I am a hard-working and determined person, and I am ready for a new leap in my career. I will work hard in hope that the quantity of the effort I put in will result in high quality knowledge. The fact is that the best possible supervisors and a highly competitive atmosphere are necessary for this quality. The only reasonable decision for me was to aim for such a place. All this gives me the motivation to apply to Istanbul aydin University.

How to Say All 50 Us States in French (And Why We Should Care)

How to Say All 50 Us States in French (And Why We Should Care) Why should we care how to say the names of all 50 states in French? Well, history, for one thing. Aside from knowing French equivalents of geographic terms that could come in handy, theres a long-standing American soft spot for all things French. Many of the French share a fascination with all things  Ãƒâ€°tats-Unis (United States). We need to know their words; they, ours. The Franco-American Alliance The United States and France have had a deep and complex friendship since before the American Revolution, when  Louis XVI’s regime came to America’s aid by providing money, arms, and military advisers, essential assistance best symbolized by the Marquis de Lafayette. The subsequent French Revolution and Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power also benefited the U.S. in 1803, when Napoleon’s woes in Europe and the Caribbean forced him to sell the entire Louisiana territory to the United States, in the words of  Oxford Research Encyclopedias. Says Oxford contributor  Kathryn C. Statler, a University of San Diego historian  : Franco-American economic and cultural contacts increased throughout the 19th century, as trade between the two countries prospered and as Americans flocked to France to study art, architecture, music, and medicine. The French gift of the Statue of Liberty in the late 19th century solidified Franco-American bonds, which became even more secure during World War I. Indeed, during the war, the United States provided France with trade, loans, military assistance, and millions of soldiers, viewing such aid as repayment for French help during the American Revolution. World War II once again saw the United States fighting in France to liberate the country from Nazi control....The Franco-American alliance has been primarily amicable in nature, and when it has not, leaders and citizens on both sides of the Atlantic have moved quickly to remedy the situation. A long line of official, semi-official, and unofficial diplomats, beginning with the Marquis de Lafayette’s staunch support of the American Revolution, has ensured the lasting success of the Franco-American alliance. Today, Americans are still flocking to France for tourism and cultural enrichment, and millions of French have been coming to the US, a product of the great French love affair with la vie Amà ©ricaine and its  freedom, financial opportunity, blend of cultures, and ability to pick up and move whenever and wherever. French and French Canadians Living in the United States As of the 2010 census, there are about 10.4 million U.S. residents of French or French Canadian descent: 8,228,623 French and 2,100,842 French Canadian. Some 2 million speak  French at home  and 750,000 more U.S. residents speak a  French-based creole language. In North America, French-based language groups, mainly in New England, Louisiana, and to a lesser extent, New York, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Florida, and North Carolina, include Quà ©bà ©cois, other French Canadian, Acadian, Cajun, and Louisiana Creole. So, for all that and more, we have a vested interest in knowing what the French call all 50 states. 50 State Names in French The list below details all 50 state names in English and French. Most states are masculine; only nine are feminine and they are indicated by (f.). Knowing the gender will help you choose the correct  definite article  and geographic  prepositions to use with each state. Most names are identical in both English and French, but when they do not share the same spelling, English names are provided in parentheses after the French names. Les États-Unis dAmà ©rique the United States of America Abbreviations: É-U  (US) and  Ãƒâ€°-UA  (USA) AlabamaAlaskaArizonaArkansasCalifornie (f.)  (California)Caroline du Nord  (f.) (North Carolina)Caroline du Sud  (f.)  (South Carolina)ColoradoConnecticutDakota du Nord  (North Dakota)Dakota du Sud (South Dakota)DelawareFloride  (f.)  (Florida)Gà ©orgie (f.)  (Georgia)Hawaà ¯Ã‚  (Hawaii)IdahoIllinoisIndianaIowaKansasKentuckyLouisiane  (f.)  (Louisiana)MaineMarylandMassachusettsMichiganMinnesotaMississippiMissouriMontanaNebraskaNevadaNew HampshireNew Jerseylà ©tat de New York*  (New York State)Nouveau-Mexique  (New Mexico)OhioOklahomaOregonPennsylvanie  (f.)  (Pennsylvania)Rhode IslandTennesseeTexasUtahVermontVirginie  (f.)  (Virginia)Virginie-Occidentale  (f.)  (West Virginia)là ©tat de Washington*  (Washington State)WisconsinWyoming Plus, Washington, D.C. (formerly the District of Columbia), a compact federal district under the jurisdiction of the US Congress. As such, the capital district is not part of any state. It is spelled the same in English and in French. *These are said this way to distinguish between cities and states with the same name.

Free Essays on Hamel As A Tragic Hero

Hamlet as a tragedy In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet the question on weather or not it falls into the category of a tragedy. â€Å"Tragedies recount an individual's downfall; they usually begin high and end low (1)†. According Aristotle a tragedy is a play that ha a beginning middle and an end; a unity of place and time; a tragic hero who goes through peripetia and anagnorisis. The first issue of whether something is classified as a tragedy is whether it contains a distinguishing beginning, middle and an end. The play early on reveals that Hamlet’s father was killed and he ponders how to go about seeking revenge. The middle of the play is distinguished as the Hamlets â€Å"mouse trap,† catching Claudius right where he wanted him. The end is distinguished as Hamlets tragic flaw leading to the end of his life but not until Claudius, Leartes, and Gertrude are all dead. (Act v scene ii) The next aspect of a classic tragedy is a tragic hero. A tragic hero is someone who leads to his/her down fall due to a tragic flaw. Hamlet’s tragic flaw is that he over analyses/thinks about what to do about his father’s murder throughout the play. This flaw predominately shown when Hamlet has a perfect opportunity to kill Claudius while he is praying (Act III scene iii), but Hamlet decides to think about it. Hamlet determines that if he kills Claudius while he is praying, that will send him to heaven. Therefore, Hamlet decides to wait for Claudius to sin, and then kill him, sending him to hell. This opportunity to wait turns to be a bad one that sends Hamlet into his own spiraling downfall. Another aspect of a classic tragedy is the tragic hero must experience peripetia or reversal of events. Hamlet experiences peripetia on his voyage to England with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. On the voyage over, Hamlet finds his death warrant with his name on it to be delivered to England. Hamlet, being the thinker he is, decides to re-write i... Free Essays on Hamel As A Tragic Hero Free Essays on Hamel As A Tragic Hero Hamlet as a tragedy In Shakespeare’s play Hamlet the question on weather or not it falls into the category of a tragedy. â€Å"Tragedies recount an individual's downfall; they usually begin high and end low (1)†. According Aristotle a tragedy is a play that ha a beginning middle and an end; a unity of place and time; a tragic hero who goes through peripetia and anagnorisis. The first issue of whether something is classified as a tragedy is whether it contains a distinguishing beginning, middle and an end. The play early on reveals that Hamlet’s father was killed and he ponders how to go about seeking revenge. The middle of the play is distinguished as the Hamlets â€Å"mouse trap,† catching Claudius right where he wanted him. The end is distinguished as Hamlets tragic flaw leading to the end of his life but not until Claudius, Leartes, and Gertrude are all dead. (Act v scene ii) The next aspect of a classic tragedy is a tragic hero. A tragic hero is someone who leads to his/her down fall due to a tragic flaw. Hamlet’s tragic flaw is that he over analyses/thinks about what to do about his father’s murder throughout the play. This flaw predominately shown when Hamlet has a perfect opportunity to kill Claudius while he is praying (Act III scene iii), but Hamlet decides to think about it. Hamlet determines that if he kills Claudius while he is praying, that will send him to heaven. Therefore, Hamlet decides to wait for Claudius to sin, and then kill him, sending him to hell. This opportunity to wait turns to be a bad one that sends Hamlet into his own spiraling downfall. Another aspect of a classic tragedy is the tragic hero must experience peripetia or reversal of events. Hamlet experiences peripetia on his voyage to England with Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. On the voyage over, Hamlet finds his death warrant with his name on it to be delivered to England. Hamlet, being the thinker he is, decides to re-write i...

Returning to the Trenches 1914 by C.R.W. Nevinson Essay

Returning to the Trenches 1914 by C.R.W. Nevinson - Essay Example While in the process of recovering he made several paintings based on his wartime experience with the army in France. In his own words, he confirms to have seen the Great War as an event that was so tragic. Nevinson still made the argument that the only way to express violence, brutality and the crude form is to use the futuristic technique. This technique is used to express emotions that appear in battle fields in Europe. This is clearly seen through his painting called, Returning to the Trenches, which he painted concerning the Western Front. One of its critics, P.G. Konody on the 14th March 1915 noted that â€Å"returning to the trenches† is rather a different but interesting picture where he found an extreme formula for the rhythm of a marching body, which is of a French infantry man who is armed fully. Shown first during the Galleries exhibition in Leicester the year 1916, Returning to the Trenches was among Nevinson’s paintings of the Great War that are recognized immediately. The futurism language that the artist proclaimed prior to 1914 is clearly carried in the image of the column of marching French soldiers together with the recurring pattern of the soldier’s legs and the exaggeration and animation of their movements by the extended force lines.2 The use of such manner by Nevinson, however, becomes more powerful in the monochrome of etching by combining the experimental techniques used to express movement with a great emotive subject. This kind of combination is able to simultaneously suggest.

Business and Corporate Law Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business and Corporate Law - Case Study Example In this assignment the business, which has been trading successfully as a partnership for many years, has decided to become a private company limited by shares. As such, they will be incorporated and registered under the Companies Acts, the main one of which is the Companies Act 1985. Under this act, the company must have a registered office1, which Lorraine and Brenda wish to have at Chancery Lane, London. The Act allows two or more persons to form a company with limited liability for any lawful purposes by following the formal requirements of the Act2. A memorandum and articles of association, which are the rules that govern the running and relationships of the company must be provided to the registrar as part of this process.3 Before getting into the details that regulate insolvency under the act I would like to just review the basics which you may already be aware of. As you have been acting under a partnership for some years you will have a general idea of how your business is performing and the likelihood of its future success. I do not see the change from partnership to limited company effecting your trading prospects materially. Therefore, if you have been successful as a partnership there is every reason to expect this success to continue after the change to company. You will have been used to operating under the partnership in a situation of unlimited liability. This means that in the event of the business failing, you both personally would have been liable for all of the debts of the business and stood to lose your homes and all of your personal assets. Fortunately, under a company, you will be protected by limited liability and this means that your personal assets will not be used to pay off the debts of the company unless some kind of fraud or wrong dealing is at play. However, all the assets of the business will be available to creditors of the business, and therefore, you should be very aware that any assets you transfer to the business will not be protected by the principle of unlimited liability and will be available to creditors should the business fail. Therefore, one way to minimize the risk of such loss is to avoid transferring unnecessary assets from the partnership to the

Memo of the textbook Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Memo of the textbook - Essay Example He intends to implement the remaining portion of patient protection and affordable care act. The current president also intends to solve the problems within the payments system that threatens physician’s reimbursement. The policy will reform the medical malpractices to reduce the frequent medical lawsuits without arbitrary caps that do not lower cost of care in any way. (Obama and Lisa 1) Obama believes in a service that is affordable to everyone. The health care benefits the people in that at 65 the people are legible for free health care and subsidized costs of drugs. The children or adults under the age of 26 are also legible to be covered under the parent’s health care. The costs of insurance will also be improved due to the health care credits. Most of the democrats have discussed this in the past. The major concern has been on how the lives of the common man can be improved so as to ensure equality in the provision of fundamental services. The health care program for Obama intends to extend the service to over 30 million Americans who cannot access the service due to its cost. The Obamacare offers middle class Americans an opportunity to purchase health insurance. When a plan which only solves the problem of a few tycoons around is adopted, it will translate to a reduced voter expectation from the middle class populace. If the reasoning is based on the impacts the care will have on the lives of the common population, then Obama care should be in a position to appeal to people. It will convince the common citizens since they feel it is part of them. The bill believes in the simple principality of equality when it comes to respecting the lives of the people. Various states should also focus their funding towards the health care plan. The team behind the plan is strictly following the implementation of the plan that will see Americans get quality and affordable health care services. (Obama and Lisa

An Analysis of Relationships in The Kite Runner Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of Relationships in The Kite Runner Essay â€Å"In the Kite Runner, relationships between fathers and sons are never joyful†. What do you think of this view? After having read the statement, my initial thoughts were that of course, at some point in the novel, relationships between fathers and sons were happy and full of joy, though after more consideration, I have decided that I agree with the statement, as, even in jubilant moments, the foundations of the relationships are built on lies and deceit, darkening the meaning of the temporarily- found happiness. An example of this would be the relationship between Ali and Hassan who seemingly had a very strong relationship, in which Ali was proud of the person his son was slowly becoming and cherished him dearly, as if his presence simply made the world a better place- â€Å"he had found his joy, his antidote, the moment Sanaubar had given birth to Hassan†. This suggests that, despite the fact we later learn that Ali isn’t Hassan’s paternal father, he has loved him as if he were his own from the very moment he was born, raising him as his own. The extent of Ali’s love is masked, however, by the fact that he lied to his ‘son’ his entire life, something some would claim to be selfish as he wanted to retain an ounce of self-respect, to have something he could call his own and, finally, to actually have a child, as he wouldn’t be able to have one any other way, due to his being sterile. On the other hand, some may say that of course, some of the happier relationships in the novel are purely and simply that: joyous relationships with no ulterior motive or reasoning. For example, the relationship between Hassan and Sohrab, in which it is completely obvious that Hassan would have done anything for his son, whilst being totally honest with him so as not to keep anything from him which may have tainted their lives together in anyway, other than his experience in the alley; omitted in order to allow hi son to maintain his innocence a while longer, in a world where it would surely be taken from him too early anyway. Hassan yearned for his son to be given the best opportunities in life, so as not to be a servant his whole life- â€Å"taught him to read and write- his son was not going to grow up illiterate like he had.†

Durkheim and Levi-Strauss and Thought Essay examples -- Psychology Phi

The ritual examination of the other functions as a harvesting of intellectual resources to formulate a theory of the western self. In the case of the sensitive but scientific anthropologist, the mind of the other is a key to understanding the universal nature of the human mind. Durkheim and Là ©vi-Strauss consider ‘primitive thought’ to be rooted in certain modes of classification which they consider to be precursors and parallels, respectively, to ‘modern’ Euro-American scientific rationality. They take this connection between modes of classification and thought as indicative of a universal condition of human existence that shows the subject is rule bound and order loving. This conclusion of thought from classification from society is ultimately but the reenactment of their definitions and presuppositions that arise from the form of religious thought they call ‘rationality’. To begin with, for both Durkheim and Là ©vi-Strauss , ‘primitive thought’ is the result of how the ‘primitive’ classifies the world, which in turn is the result of accident and human nature. Classification is the center of thought, for both writers. Durkheim explains this well in his reconciliation of the theories of apriorism and empiricism. He argues that the categories that are the sine qua non of thought are themselves the results of social conditions. â€Å"If the categories are essentially collective representations †¦ they translate states of the collectivity, first and foremost. They depend upon the way the collectivity is organized, upon its morphology, its religious, moral, and economic institutions, and so on.† (Durkheim 15) He then takes up the remainder of the apriorist narrative; these categories are the foundations of thought and it is only ... ... ordered mind seems a perfect example of Durkheim’s division in all ‘religious thought’ between the sacred and the profane. For both writers, a universal and order loving subject is a sacred necessity which cannot be questioned within and by the structure of their modes of religious thought. But of course, this totalizing theory would not grant my argument an exception either, if my view of the subject were also an article of faith, but this presumes the very system of classification of the academic in describing the classification of the subject that this argument is meant to question. In the case that we do not presume the existence of a classifying, order loving thinker, religious thought may well never even occur, as there is no one to think of the profane and the sacred, and no one to generate a science of the concrete. There is, instead, only the concrete.

Evaluating Loch Of Skene Incineration Plant Environmental Sciences Essay

The aim of this papers is to measure the environmental impact and execute a hazard appraisal of a MSW incineration works edifice undertaking for a metropolis with 100,000 population near the Loch of Skene, Aberdeenshire. Assuming that mean MSW arising in UK is 509 kilogram per person per twelvemonth, a 50,000 metric tons per annum incineration installation is required, with a 60 m tallness stack, and a edifice country of approx. 3,500 M2 and a entire land return of 4 hour angle. The lower calorific value of MSW should be at least 7MJ/kg, mass firing engineering will be applied with a movable grating, the one-year sum of waste for incineration should be no less than 50,000 metric tons. Loch of Skene is an unreal lake located 15 kilometer West of Aberdeen in Scotland. It is designated as a Particular Protection Area for wildlife preservation intents. The proposed MSW incineration works will be surrounded by several small towns and the Westhill metropolis 2.5 kilometer off. The proposed incineration works may hold an inauspicious consequence on the air quality within a big country, contaminate dirt, harvests and exercise a noxious to wellness impact on a great figure of people. It can besides upset or even destruct really sensitive ecosystems of the Loch of Skene. Based on the above mentioned statements, it is recommended that the proposed incineration works should be moved to the bing landfill, ( Crows Nest Landfill Site, Banchory, an one-year capacity of 74,000 metric tons ) , where the evidences already exist far from communities and would non upset them because it would hold the same impact as the landfill operation before ; it would besides cut down the cost. It is besides recommended that the incineration procedure should be applied in waste-to-energy engineerings. The pollutant control engineering should be applied to command sums of emanations based on the Pollution Prevention and Control ( Scotland ) Regulations 2000. Number of words used – 3316. Excluding Submission sheet, Table of Contents, List of Figures, List of Tables and References.Table OF CONTENTS1 INTRODUTION 5 1.1 Loch of Skene location 5 1.2 Loch of Skene Environment 5 1.3 Incineration Plant Location 7 1.4 MSW arising and incineration in Scotland 7 2 INCINERATION LEGISLATION 9 2.1 Environmental Licensing 9 2.2 Techniques & A ; Technology applied 9 2.3 Public engagement 9 2.4 Waste Incineration Regulations 9 3 INCINERATION PLANT 10 3.1 Incineration engineerings 10 3.2 Energy recovery from waste 11 3.3 Pollution lessening engineerings 11 3.4 Main residuary stuffs managing 11 3.5 Incineration works cost 12 3.6 Incineration workss with energy recovery in Scotland 12 4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 13 4.1 Air and Land 13 4.2 Water 13 5 SWOT/PEST Analysis 14 6 RISK ASSESSMENT 15 7 CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONS 17 7.1 Decision 17 7.2 Recommendations 17 8 Mentions 19List OF FIGURESFigure 1.1 – Loch of Skene location 5 Figure 2.1 – Loch of Skene 6 Figure 3.1- Waste Management Facilities. Incinerators ( Scotland ) 10 Figure 4.1 – Hazard appraisal matrix 15 Figure 5.1 – Waste Management Facilities: Landfill ( Scotland ) 18List OF TABLESTable 1.1 – MSW originating in Scotland 7 Table 2.1 – Waste inputs to incinerators & A ; co-incinerators 8 Table 3.1 – Waste incinerated in Scotland 8 Table 4.1 – Energy efficiency for incineration 11 Table 5.1 -Outputs from incineration processes 12 Table 6.1 -SWOT/PEST analysis 14INTRODUTIONLoch of Skene locationThe Loch of Skene is located about 15 km West of Aberdeen in Scotland. It is a shoal ( 2 m deep ) , and little ( an country of 1.2 km2 ) lowland loch. Figure 1.1 – Loch of Skene location Administratively, the Loch of Skene is located in the Garioch commission country in Aberdeenshire. The country is largely agricultural and strongly affected by Aberdeen economic system. Several small towns ( Dunecht, Echt, Lyne of Skene, Kirkton of Skene ) and Westhill town ( 10392 dad ) ( 1 ) are located near the Loch. Now, the loch is used for sailing by the Aberdeen and Stonehaven Yacht Club, from April boulder clay June.Loch of Skene EnvironmentThe loch of Skene has inland H2O organic structures with standing H2O and waterlogged lakeshores. The loch is surrounded with deciduous and cone-bearing forest. During fall and winter the loch supports an internationally of import roost of Iceland Graylag Goose and Icelandic Whooper Swan. This site qualifies under Article 4.1 of the Directive ( 79/409/EEC ) as back uping populations of the undermentioned European of import migratory species ( Whooper Swan and Graylag Goose ) listed in Annex 1 of the Directive ( 2 ) . A recent JNCC ( 3 ) study states that: ‘Whooper Swan – 203 persons stand foring up to 3.7 % of the wintering population in GB and Graylag Goose, 10840 persons stand foring up to 10.8 % of the wintering Iceland/UK/Ireland population. ‘ The Loch of Skene is indicated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , Special Protected Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar Site. Figure 2.1 – Loch of Skene The loch is alimentary rich, which consequences from sewerage installations and agricultural beginnings. The natural ecology has been disturbed by inputs of foods, chiefly from the four Burnss that drain their catchments. Water quality in the Loch of Skene is Class 2, which means it has been significantly altered by human activities ( 16 ) .Incineration Plant LocationThe Company has proposed installing of an incineration works for the metropolis with a population of 100,000 near the Loch of Skene. In Scotland, in 2008/09, Municipal Solid Waste ( MSW ) coevals was 3,288.069 metric tons ( 4 ) . Local governments collected 29.1 MM metric tons of MSW in England and 1.8 MM metric tons in Wales during 2006/07. This included 25.9 MM metric tons of waste from families ( 1.6 MM metric tons in Wales ) – that is approx. half of metric ton or 509 kilograms per individual every twelvemonth, so 100,000 population will bring forth in mean 50,900 ton/year of MSW. And this requires a 50,000 me tric tons per annum incineration installation with a 60 m stack tallness, a edifice country of approx. 3,500 M2 and a entire land return of 4 hour angle ( 5 ) .MSW arising and incineration in ScotlandMunicipal solid waste originating in Scotland in 2008/09 was 3.29 MMton. This is the lowest value in a period of 2004-2009. In 2003, the Scots Executive set a mark that any growing in municipal waste should discontinue by 2010 ( 4 ) . Data in the tabular array below show the general tendency of MSW originating and bespeak a decrease of MSW achieved in 2004/5 and 2008/9 by 3.5 % . Table 1.1 – MSW originating in Scotland Incineration and co-incineration workss received about 336,000 metric tons of waste in 2008, Table 2.1. Municipal waste makes up 26.2 % of the entire waste. It should be noted that 14,000 metric tons of refuse-derived fuels were sent to England for incineration in 2008. In 2008, there were two municipal waste incinerators with energy recovery in Scotland ( Dundee and Shetland Islands ) . Table 2.1 – Waste inputs to incinerators & A ; co-incinerators A SEPA ( 4 ) study provinces that, ‘In 2008, 119,000 metric tons ( 35 % ) were recovered and 217,000 metric tons ( 65 % ) were disposed. This was an addition of 82,000 metric tons over 2007. Between 2004 and 2008, there was an addition of 82,000 metric tons ( 220 % ) in the sum of waste recovered. ‘ ( p.28 ) Table 3.1 – Waste incinerated in ScotlandINCINERATION LEGISLATIONEnvironmental LicensingIncineration installations are a topic of environmental licensing demands as Part A installings under the Pollution Prevention and Control ( Scotland ) Regulations 2000. The Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive ( IPPC ) requires portion A installings to run in such a manner that all preventive steps are taken against pollution, in peculiar through the application of the best available techniques, and to guarantee that no important pollution is caused ( 8 ) In conformity with the SEPA policy, an applicant must confer with with SEPA at a every early phase on the nature of the environmental licence required.Techniques & A ; Technology appliedThe chief footing for finding the appropriate criterions that should be applied in a PPC license is known as the best available techniques ( BAT ) The PPC ( 11 ) ordinances define this as, ‘the most effectual and advanced phase in the development of activities and their methods of operation, which indicates practical suitableness of peculiar techniques for supplying in chief the footing for emanation bound values designed to forestall and, where that is non operable, by and large to cut down emanations and the impact on the environment as a whole. ‘ ( p.2 )Public engagementHarmonizing to the Public Participation Directive ( 10 ) , a waste thermic intervention works application shall be capable to heighten public engagement. This involves public audience on the application when it is received by SEPA and farther public audience when SEPA has come to any determination on a bill of exchange PPC license.Waste Incineration RegulationsThe Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Directive ( 96/61/EC ) was established to forestall or understate emanations into the air, H2O, and dirt, every bit good as waste ( 8 ) . The Waste Incineration ( Scotland ) Regulations ( SSI2003/170 ) introduce rigorous regulative controls, whereby all emanations are invariably monitored, and minimal proficient demands for waste incinerator have been established ( 9 ) . The Public Participation Directive ( 2003/35/EC ) requires that the application and determination papers for a waste intervention installing license must be made available to the populace for their remark ( 10 ) .Incineration PLANTIncineration engineeringsAt present, approximately 96 % of MSW generated in Scotland are disposed of in landfills, and staying MSW is incinerated with energy recovery. Harmonizing to the Landfill Directive ( 12 ) , it a pre-treatment operation is required prior to a disposal of waste. The recreation of these stuffs is one of the most important challenges confronting the direction of MSW in Scotland. Figure 3.1- Waste Management Facilities. Incinerators ( Scotland ) Presently there are three chief engineerings available for MSW incineration. Grate Technologies Traveling Grate ( The Roller Grate, the stepped Inclined Grate, Inclined Counter-Rotating Grate ) Fixed Grates – these are a series of stairss with waste being moved by a series of random-access memories Fluidised Bed Bubbling Fluidised Bed – the air flow is sufficient to call up the bed and supply good contact with the waste Go arounding Fluidised Bed – the air flow for this type of unit is higher and therefore atoms are carried out of the burning chamber by the fluke gas. Rotary Kiln – incineration in a rotary kiln is usually a two phase procedure dwelling of a kiln and separate secondary burning chamber.Energy recovery from wasteIncineration procedures are designed to retrieve energy from waste processed by bring forthing electricity and/or heat to be used on site and exported offsite. Useful energy that can be generated from an incineration works utilizing a boiler to bring forth steam is presented in the tabular array below ( 13 ) .End productsEfficiencyUseHeat merely Up to 80-90 % thermic efficiency Local territory warming for edifices ( residential, commercial ) and or for industrial procedures Electricity 14-27 % Can be supplied to the national grid for sale and distribution Heat and power Dependant on specific demand for heat and power Combination of the above Table 4.1 – Energy efficiency for incinerationPollution lessening engineeringsA common attack to command emanations is as follows: Ammonia injection into hot flue gases to command NOx emanations Lime or Na hydrogen carbonate injection to command SO2 and HCL Carbon injection to capture heavy metals A filter system to take fly ash and other solids ( calcium hydroxide or hydrogen carbonate and C ) Electrostatic precipitators and scrubbers The control of CO, VOCs and dioxins in footings of their concentration is chiefly though right burning conditions being maintained. Typically the weight of Air Pollution Control Residues ( APCR ) produced will be around 2-6 % of the weight of the waste come ining the incinerator ( 13 ) .Main residuary stuffs managingThe tabular array below shows the cardinal end products from incineration procedures ( 13 ) .End productsStateMeasure by weight of original wasteRemarkIncinerator underside ash ( IBA ) Solid residue 20-30 % Potential usage as aggregative replacing or non biodegradable, not risky waste for disposal Metallic elements Requires separation from MSW or IBA 2-5 % Sold for re-smelting APC residues ( including fly ash, agents and waste H2O ) Solid residue/liquid 2-6 % Hazardous waste for disposal Emissions to atmosphere Gaseous 70-75 % Cleaned burning merchandises Table 5.1 -Outputs from incineration proceduresIncineration works costCapital costs of an incinerator are extremely dependent on the quality of waste to be processed, engineering employed and its location. The costs will consist those associated with the purchase of the incinerator works, and besides costs for land procurance and readying prior to edifice and besides indirect costs, such as planning, allowing, contractual support and proficient and fiscal services over the development rhythm. Examples of incineration works capital costs are provided below: 50,000 tpa ?25m 136,000 tpa ?35m 265,000 tpa ?51mIncineration workss with energy recovery in ScotlandPresently the UK has 19 incinerators in operation processing MSW. In 2005-2006, they processed approx 2.8 MM tones of MSW per annum produced in England. As illustrations of incinerators with energy recovery in Scotland there are Dundee ( 14 ) and Shetland ( 15 ) Waste to Energy Plants. DERL Waste to Energy Plant, Dundee ( 120,000tpa ) . Value: ?35 MM Construction period: 140 hebdomads Year completed: 1999 The works consumes 2.2 MW for in-house burden and exports 8.2 MW to the grid. 10.5 MW are produced by a individual steam turbine generator. Shetland Waste to Energy Plant, Shetland Islands ( 26,000tpa ) Project period: 1994-200 Client: Shetland Island Council Investing: Turnkey contract approx 100 MM DKK Heating consequence: 7 MW The works consists of a fire tubing boiler with a supply temperature of 1150C. Further, 100 % chilling capacity is installedENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENTAir and LandMSW incinerators are normally fed with a assorted waste flow and combustion of such waste leads to risky substances ab initio present within the waste being mobilised into releases from the incineration works. Whatever control engineering is applied, all types of incineration consequence in releases of toxic substances as ashes and in gases to air. These substances comprise heavy metals, assorted organic compounds, such as dioxins, furans, H fluoride, and C dioxide. Therefore, for the continuance of incineration, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins ( dioxins ) and dibenzofurans ( furans ) , hexachlorobenzene ( HCB ) , and polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCB ) may be by chance generated and released. Pollutants that are emitted into the ambiance from incinerator stack, every bit good as ephemeral emanations, may be deposited o n the dirt near to the incinerator and pollute the local environment. Since the country environing the Loch of Skene is largely agricultural, it may impact the productiveness and quality of agricultural merchandises ( dirt and harvests taint ) . These pollutants including dioxins and PCBs may besides be transported to great distances by air currents. Live stock may besides take in pollutants, mostly through feeding of contaminated flora. The Loch of Skene is indicated as a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , Special Protected Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar Site with an of import roost of Iceland Graylag Goose and Icelandic Whooper Swan. An incineration works during the building and operating stages may destruct these comparatively little and sensitive ecosystems. All types of incinerators produce dioxin. Dioxin causes wellness jobs including malignant neoplastic disease, altered sexual development, generative jobs, and suppression of the immune system, diabetes and hormonal effects.WaterWater pollution may originate during the building and operation stages of the proposed incinerator. The major subscriber of H2O pollution for the continuance of development comes from deposits transported to streams ensuing from dirt eroding and disposal of sewerage from the building cantonment and site office. After completion and commissioning of the works, sewerage from the works countries and waste H2O watercourse from chilling H2O blow down, rinsing and seepage storage cavity may be the major beginnings of H2O pollution. Since there are godforsaken H2O intervention workss build in Dunecht and Lyne of Skene and these discharge foods to the Kinnernie and Kirktonbridge Burnss, which later drain into the loch, the Loch of Skene is considered to be at high haz ard of neglecting to accomplish good ecological position. Water quality in the Loch of Skene is Class 2, which means it has been significantly altered by human activities ( 16 ) .SWOT/PEST AnalysisSWOT/PESTEL analysis Strength Failings Opportunities Menaces Political UK authorities support on development new incineration installations Local councils may object Develop local assets Economic Long-run contract to bringing of waste to incineration works High investing cost Monetary values of energy from waste incinerators have to fixed by gov. Inability to pay the full intervention fee Social Introduce new occupations to country Impact on local agreeableness Build visitant Centre to enable local groups to see works and larn dallier about incineration procedure Expostulation and protest from concerned citizens Technical Significantly cut down the sum of waste to be landfilled Measure and quality of waste Use waste-to-energy engineering Poor working waste direction system Environmental High degree of emanations criterions Air emanations, noise, dust, smell Introduce environmental systems and control to assist bolster image Poor works direction Table 6.1 -SWOT/PEST analysisRISK ASSESSMENTThe rule of hazard appraisal is to measure the possible hazard to human wellness, safety and the environment finding the chance of jobs to happen, and researching alternate solutions. This involves seting extenuations in topographic point by finding countries, where initial hazard diminution should be considered. Figure 4.1 – Hazard appraisal matrix Legend: 1 = Very High Hazard ; Additional Considerations Required 2 = High Risk ; Additional Considerations Required 3 = Moderate Risk ; Additional Considerations Recommended. 4 = Possible Risk ; Additional Considerations at Discretion of the Team 5 = Negligible Risk ; Additional Considerations Not Required S = Severity, L = Likelihood, RR = Risk Ranking.HazardCauseConsequenceHazard MatrixExtenuationSecondLiterRRConstruction stageNoise and dust building activities and truck traffic Impact on local roads and the agreeableness of local occupants 3 3 3 On-site operation activities, care and fix of equipment, control and timing of noise emanations, informing local community Construction waste Land renewal and building activities 3 3 3 Waste conveyance and disposal in preies for reuse or in landfills Health and safety Accidents to workers and members of the local community Lack of safety ordinances and uncontrolled entree to the building site 2 3 3 Provide protective shutting, follow safety ordinances, prevent unauthorized entree to the building site by fencing and dark security guard Biodiversity Land renewal and building activities devastation of the natural ecosystem at the installation site 2 3 3 Paving of storage and operation countries, drainage and effluent directionOperating stageDust production From waste trucks during waste transit and handling Impact on local roads and the agreeableness of local occupants 3 3 3 Pull offing of offloading processs during bringings, good housework Noise pollution Truck traffic and operation of the incinerator Impact on local roads and the agreeableness of local occupants 3 3 3 On-site operation activities, care and fix of equipment, control of timing of noise emanations, Min 500 m off from residential countries Odour production Waste bringings and storage Impact on human wellness 3 3 3 Covered waste trucks, response hall with an automatically closed door, little negative force per unit area to forestall odour get awaying Spillage of ash Leached by surface H2O into the environing drainage system Loss of risky waste to open H2O 1 3 3 Regular site cleansing, control of all processs Fleeting emanations Dust, calcium hydroxide and ash, release to the air from the installing Impact on human wellness 1 3 3 Delivery and storage direction of fuels, natural stuffs, byproducts and waste Health and safety jeopardies Emission of dioxins and other toxic pollutants from the stack Impact on human wellness, perchance carcinogenic and to be a tumour booster 1 3 3 Using activated C, dry calcium hydroxide and fabric filters to command dioxin emanations Continuous monitoring and describing emanations of NOx, CO, SO2, PM10, HCL, TOC from the stack,CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATIONSDecisionThe proposed undertaking of an Incineration works installing near the Loch of Skene could ensue in inauspicious environmental impacts on really sensitive loch ecosystems. The local community is besides at hazard of possible impacts of pollutants released from the stack of the waste incinerator. There is a high hazard with allowing issues because the Loch of Skene is a Site of Special Scientific Interest ( SSSI ) , Special Protected Area ( SPA ) and Ramsar Site.RecommendationsThe site of incinerator should be moved to the bing landfill ( for illustration, the Crows Nest Landfill Site, Banchory, an one-year capacity of 74,000 metric tons ) , where the location is already far from the communities and will non upset them because its operation is the same as that of the landfill operation ; it would besides cut down the cost. It is suggested that the apply incineration procedure should be designed to retrieve energy from the waste processed by bring forthing electricity and/or heat to be used on site and exported off site. It is suggested impersonal nomenclature, the â€Å" MSW Processing Plant † should be applied alternatively of the â€Å" MSW Incineration Plant † . The Design and Architecture of the Plant should non resemble a typical incineration works. The sum of incinerated waste should non transcend the landfill capacity. Hazardous waste should be separated before waste is burned in the incinerator. The pollutant control engineering should be applied to command the sum of emanations and their contents based on the Pollution Prevention and Control ( Scotland ) Regulations 2000. Figure 5.1 – Waste Management Facilities: Landfill ( Scotland ) – Crows Nest Landfill location, Banchory