Essay about E-Commerce - 2683 Words

Chapter 4 1. Name the six main pieces of the e-commerce site building puzzle. * Organizational Capabilities * Hardware Architecture * Software * Telecommunications * Site Design * Human Resources 2. Define the systems development life cycle and discuss the various step involved in creating an e-commerce site. * Methodology for understanding business objectives of a system and designing an appropriate solution 1. Systems analysis/planning 2. Systems design 3. Building the system 4. Testing 5. Implementation 3. Discuss the differences between a simple logical and simple physical Web site design. * Logical design: includes a data flow diagram that describes the flow of†¦show more content†¦What are Java and JavaScript? What role do they play in Website design? * Java is a programming language that allows programmers to create interactivity and active content on the client computer. : Programs written in the Java programming language that also provides interactivity. * JavaScript a program language that is used to control the object on an HTML page and handle interactions with the browser. : used to validate user input, such as an e-mail address 14. Name and describe three methods used to treat customers individually. Why are they significant to e-commerce? * Personalization: the ability to treat people based on personal qualities and prior history with site * Customization: Ability to change the product to better fit the needs of the customer * Cookies can be used to store information about the customer. * Because they are potentially make it nearly a traditional marketplace and even more powerful than direct mail or shopping at a shopping mall. 15. What are some of the policies e-commerce businesses must develop before launching a site, and why must they be developed? * Privacy policy * The accessibility rules * The financial reporting policies. * They must be developed prior to launching because they will govern howShow MoreRelatedE Commerce1203 Words   |  5 PagesElectronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce, is a type of industry where buying and selling of product or service is conducted over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce draws on technologies such as mobile commerce, electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange (EDI), inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerceRead MoreElectronic Commerce ( E Commerce )1286 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunities (E-business, eEurope, n.d). More and more companies have discovered the advantage of using the Internet as a communication tool to reach consumers at any place and at any time. This also enables consumers to search and gather information about products and services online. The word e-commerce refers to all transactions online. Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is the area in which we are to do our research and throughout this dissertation we will discuss consumer trust in e-commerce. The termRead MoreE lectronic Commerce And E Commerce1452 Words   |  6 PagesE-commerce Definition Electronic commerce or e-commerce is a term for any type of business, or commercial transaction, which involves the transfer of information across the Internet. It is often associated exclusively with online consumer shopping, but the term extends beyond that category. Additional businesses covered under the umbrella of e-commerce includes online auction sites, such as EBay, and businesses that exchange both goods and services.[3] History The history of e-commerce is oftenRead MoreElectronic Commerce And E Commerce2337 Words   |  10 PagesElectronic Commerce Electronic Commerce Defined Salvatore (2013) defines electronic commerce or e-commerce stating, â€Å"E-commerce refers to the production, advertising, sale, and distribution of products and services from business to business and from business to consumer through the internet† (p. 150). These activities can take place in many environments between businesses and consumers. E-commerce has changed the way goods and services are exchanged and have given light to businesses and consumersRead MoreE Commerce Vs. Electronic Commerce1527 Words   |  7 PagesThere are plenty of ways to define the definition of E-commerce. For example, according to the Oxford Dictionary, E-commerce or electronic commerce is the commercial transaction that conducted electronically on the Internet. Some people define E-commerce as the processes of buying, selling, or exchanging products, services, and information by using the computer network technology such as the Internet. E-commerce does not only provide the function of buying and selling goods and services online viaRead MoreE Commerce And The Internet1060 Words   |  5 Pagestopic of e-commerce. The reason e-commerce interests me is I would like to find out how it relates to business in terms of importance, benefits, and influence. E-commerce is relative to my area of study because the goal for my future company will deal with providing services and content to customers via the internet. So what exactly does e-commerce mean? Let’s see how Merriam Webster’s online dictionary defines the word: â€Å"e–commerce noun e–com ·merce ˈē-ËÅ'kà ¤-(ËÅ')mÉ™rs Simple Definition of e–commerceRead MoreE Commerce Is On The Rise772 Words   |  4 PagesI agree with your post. I believe that brick and mortar businesses are highly relevant despite the fact that e-commerce is on the rise. I too enjoy shopping online sometime mainly due to my shopping habits and simply out of convenience. Joseph (2016) acknowledges that, E-commerce has the convenience component nailed down. Moreover, that is essentially why people like online shopping, consumers like that they have to exude little effort or difficulty, they simply just have to scroll down a pageRead MoreEssay on E-commerce678 Words   |  3 Pagesmore businesses look for ways to secure electronic marketing online, there is a greater need for E-commerce. Whatis.com defines E-commerce (EC) as the â€Å"buying and selling of goods and services on the Internet. As more and more companies accept the challenge of E-commerce, e-business security and security software is becoming a factor th at corporations need to meet. We will discuss what E-commerce is and how it is used and the advantages and disadvantages. Security systems for EC have fourRead MoreE Commerce And E Business Essay2218 Words   |  9 PagesOnline businesses are those kinds of firms that do not have a physical presence, and their operations are mainly virtually run and controlled. These types of activities are in other words referred to as e-commerce or E-businesses. The management of the businesses, as well as the supervision of the day to day operations of the business, is done virtually. The business does not have physical stores, warehouses or shops. This type of activity utilizes electronic means for the firm transactions as opposedRead MoreE Commerce in Thailand5356 Words   |  22 PagesEvaluation of Market Potential 3 E Commerce Industry Overview in Thailand: 4 Demographic 4 Internet Usage 4 Internet 5 Access to Internet 5 E Commerce Business Models: 11 Internet Retail: 11 Intermediaries (3rd party market place): 11 General and vertical classifieds: 11 Lead Generation (Comparison Shopping): 11 COMPETITIVE LANDSCAPE (Top 10 E Commerce Website) 12 Weloveshopping: 12 Dealfish 13 Tarad.com 14 Pramool 15 Notable E Commerce Startups: 16 Priceza 16 Lazada

The Female Gaze Of Art History - 1838 Words

Paula St. Cyr Erin Farrell, M.A. adjunct ARTH 316 W1 December 10, 2016 The Female Gaze in Art History Thesis: Women have come a long way alongside men in presenting art in various forms, but while artistic expression has been based from the male perspective and sexuality, female artists are becoming more outspoken in their art forms challenging viewers to look beyond the physical form and go deeper into its meaning. Down through the historical years of art the human body has been the subject of intrigue and delight. While the display of the nude body has always bought about controversy for one reason or another, the controversy is only as it applies to the female nude. Not too much is ever focused on the nude body part of men, but female nudity causes quite the stir, especially from male viewers. As I delve into this art form of female gaze, it might be helpful to take a look at the male gaze as it applies to substantiating the female gaze. The notion of the male gaze has both a literal and a figurative component. Literally the gaze is male when it involves looks from the male s pecies as a spectator or a participant in the work itself. Figuratively the male gaze is often involving a female as the object. In Laura Mulvey s words, man is the bearer of the gaze, woman its object. Laura Mulvey, Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema (1975). An underprivileged object I might add. In my opinion male and female gaze is not just about the features within artistry, butShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Walker And Ono Face The Gaze 1600 Words   |  7 PagesRebecca Woods ART 352 A - Art History III Midterm Assignment May 29, 2016 Walker Ono Face â€Å"The Gaze† A Look at Differing Approaches to Feminism Through Contemporary Art In the fifty years between the JFK assassination and a Kardashian selfie breaking the internet, two women — representing different cultures, races, times, and attitudes — created two individual pieces of art that became living commentary on the power dynamics at play in their world. In 1964, Yoko Ono challenged both societalRead MoreImpact Of Pop Art1448 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"THE MALE GAZE AS DEPICTED IN TOM WESSELMANN’S POP ART† Christopher Zacherl ARTH 3340: Art of the United States November 20, 2017 In the 1960s, pop art represented the attempt to return to a more objective, universally acceptable form of art following the dominance of the highly personal Abstract Expressionism in the United States and Europe. It was considered very radical compared to what the art world had seen in the 40s and 50s, rejecting the supremacy of the â€Å"high art† of theRead MoreHow Do the Works of Yasumasa Morimura, Julie Rrap and Anne Zahalka Challenge Conventional Ways in Which Gender Has Been Depicted Historically in the Visual Arts?1537 Words   |  7 PagesStructured Essay Examine selected artworks by: Yasumasa Morimura, Julie Rrap and Anne Zahalka. How do the works of Yasumasa Morimura, Julie Rrap and Anne Zahalka challenge conventional ways in which gender has been depicted historically in the visual arts? In your response select at least two different artists and discuss the following: * Through the postmodern frame of reference, explain how artists have appropriated historical artworks. How has the artist incorporated parody and wit intoRead MoreRevolutionary Ideas Can Be Proposed Through Art And Design1706 Words   |  7 PagesDutta Revolutionary ideas can be proposed through art and design. Compare and contrast two revolutionary creative works, one from the 20th century and one from the 21st century. How has the context contributed to the approach, medium and presentation of the works? Leo Tolstoy described art as â€Å"one of the means of intercourse between man and man† in his book, ‘What is Art?’(1897).This is true when we stand beside strangers in an art gallery, and gaze at an artist’s work. One might praise the artist’sRead MorePostmodernism Has Changed The Representation Of Women1721 Words   |  7 PagesBoyne and Rattansi (1990), and Lemish and Muhlbauer (2012). These texts will be organised chronologically and will discuss the themes of how language plays a role in how images are viewed, women and the spectators ‘male gaze’, a gender specific representation on the body, postmodern art, and the representation of older women. The first theorist’s work to be examined is Weedon (1987) in Feminist Practise and Poststructuralist Theory. Weedon (1987) states â€Å"†¦the meaning of gender is both socially producedRead MoreThe Art World Of The 1970 S Essay1328 Words   |  6 PagesIn the art world of the 1970’s, Mary Kelly responded directly to the issues raised in Mulvey’s article often making works that attempt to reclaim feminine identity. Most of Kelly’s films are works of research and documentation that concern ideas of women’s roles and women’s work. In the early 1970s Kelly was involved in the making of the film Night Cleaners (1970-1975). The film explored contemporary issues of feminist activism in following a group of working-class female service labourers andRead MoreAn Analysis Of George Cuviers Hottentot 1150 Words   |  5 PagesInstead, she was displayed in U.S freak shows simply because her capturers and audience were curiously fascinated with her large buttocks and labia, in which she was presented as a freak of nature. Men and women from all over the country traveled to gaze upon her nude and exploited physicality, where she was denied of her language, which also contributed to the denial of her humanity. Her master, George Cuvier attempted to use science to justify the imposed maltreatment she received through the commodificationRead MoreThe Gaze On Women s Cinema1402 Words   |  6 PagesBrill Long Proposal 24 February 2015 The Gaze on Women in Cinema Cinema has a very powerful influence on us, whether we are aware of it or not. Cinema tells us, in a way of reflection, how we are to act and respond as a society. For example, in movies women with body hair are portrayed as shamed, unhygienic, and usually rejects to sexual advances. I’ve started to recognize these consistent stigmas, but this is just one example of what I believe makes the male gaze so successfully prevalent in AmericanRead MoreFeminism and Pop Culture Essay1352 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Feminism and Pop culture By: Brittany Stevers In the recent history, feminism and pop culture have become more closely entwined than ever before. This can be partially because of the growing interest in culture studies as an academic discipline, but it can also be explained by the fact that, there’s a whole lot more popular culture to watch. Pop culture has become our common language, a universal way of uniting the world. Pop culture is also a key route to making theRead MoreThe Political Art Of Art1735 Words   |  7 PagesProfessor Sarah Tamez Art 1301.09 November 23, 2015 Political Art Art can be expressed in many forms but one of the best has got to be political art, as it expresses art in a relevant form for many to understand, it doesn’t require knowledge in history. It puts out a statement in a bold way so that people may better understand what is trying to be expressed. Many artists use art in topics like reproductive rights, equality, gun control, human rights, the environment and war to express desire

What Is Transitioning The Analytical Project To Operations

After the final model review meeting with stakeholders, closing down the project and transitioning to operations begins. The first step in transitioning the analytical project to operations is to create a guidebook of the model outputs for business users (Alt-Simmons, 2016). The document should explain: the work that has been completed; the data sources used; data definitions/metadata on the data; commentary on the data quality; the model development; limitations of the model; model output; appropriate applications; and usability of the model. The guidebook should be written in plain language so that both technical and business employees can comprehend the information. During the development of the predictive model, many disparate data†¦show more content†¦A review of any significant issues discovered with the company data would be covered as well. Any change management issues that may arise due to the operationalization of the model will be included so action items for the relevant leaders can begin. The project manager or project sponsor may show summary slides from the various milestone project meetings that occurred during the project. This is not a repeat of those meetings; just highlights to refresh attendees’ memories. At the close of this session, it should be evident the project is complete. The second part of the meeting deals with lessons learned during the project. The project team had bi-weekly lessons learned meetings throughout the project, and those learnings were cumulative on the project effectiveness. The final project team meeting reviewed all the lessons learned and ranked the most significant improvements and most successful processes. Those will not be rehashed in this meeting. This lessons-learned session will focus on the perspective of the stakeholders, those outside the core team. The core project team members have a good understanding of how the team functioned during this project, but they need to receive feedback from the stakeholders. The professional facilitator will ensure that commentary is directed around improving processes or products. The facilitator will pivot theShow MoreRelatedDefining The Company s Distinctive Capability Essay1980 Words   |  8 PagesDefining the company’s distinctive capability is the first of the four p illars. The distinctive capability of ECA has been defined as being the low-cost operator. The low-cost advantage is what the analytics within the organization support. ECA has the ability to drill and produce their wells at the lowest cost among the competition. This ability is highly supported by the use of analytics and provides continuous opportunities to focus on measures that will drive the organization’s cost down. 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According to Narayana Murthy, what Infosys has on its side is youth, speed, and imagination and [they] are constantly innovating in every area of [their] operation. The founders efforts have been paying off. According to a California-based management consultant

Socio Cultural Competencies of a Professional Manager

Question: Discuss about the Socio Cultural Competencies of a Professional Manager. Answer: Introduction The objective of the essay is to discuss about the socio cultural competencies of a professional manager. A professional manager has responsibilities towards society to direct someone with a degree or skill. A professional manager in an organisation has responsibilities towards the customers, suppliers, employees, shareholders, society and government. The essay highlights eight socio cultural competencies of a professional leader, which help to achieve organisation specific goal. Competencies of two leaders from Australia and UK are discussed. My skills and competencies are compared with those of the managers and it is highlighted how I can improve my skills with the degree of masters in business administration. Socio cultural competencies for a professional manager In the view of Koplyay, Chillingworth Mitchell (2013), socio-cultural competencies of a professional manager help to create a positive difference within the society. Their actions, planning and decision making affects all the stakeholders of the organisation. There are some generic competencies, which are efficient communication ability, problem solving and analytical ability and cognitive abilities. Leadership quality of a manager is very important competencies to motivate the team member to take challenges in work place and perform them well. A professional manager needs to be committed to complete a project for the sustainability of the business and to perform the corporate social responsibilities. Other important competencies for a manager are attitude and mind setup to support the team, self motivation and self direction, learning ability that is the willingness of improving knowledge and skills, ability to develop innovative ideas for the growth of the organisation (ols.apicol lege.edu.au, 2016). Discussion on two successful professional managers The first role model I have chosen is Jacques Nasser, who is currently the chairman of BHP Billiton in Australia. He is recognised for the managerial and leadership competencies while worked as CEO in Ford Motor Company (Joo, Sushko McLean 2012). He believed in transformational leadership, who motivated the team members arranging teaching process and workshop in the organisation. His managerial skill, determination, problem solving ability and strategic management skill drove Ford Motor Company to become worlds most profitable automaker during 1990-2000. I am also motivated by another great leader, Angela Ahrendts, who is former CEO of Burberry UK (Forbes, 2013). She is my role model for her great communication skill, positive energy and attitude, creativity. She believes in positive and transformational power of human energy and not at setting specific goal for the organisation. Comparison of my own competencies with those professional managers I joined Wesfarmer during my internship. I was appointed as a junior executive. My task was to manage a team, which was responsible to manage office work of Wesfarmer. I had to manage the supply chain management. During that time I faced some difficulties to manage team and team conflicts. The analysis of leadership competencies has made me realise that I need to develop emotional intelligence in during team management. Emotional intelligence helps to manage interpersonal skills of the team member along with own skill (Dever Mills, 2015). This skill helps to identify strength and weakness of the team members, which is helpful for successful execution of a project and to achieve strategic goal of the organisation. I am ambitious to develop my career in a reputed organisation, where I can use my learning of managerial and leadership skill for the success of that organisation. Conclusion This essay reflects different managerial competencies of a potential leader. The leadership styles of my two role models have been discussed. This analysis has helped me to identify the gap in my personality. I need to improve my emotional intelligence to get success as a manager in a reputed organisation. I want to develop creativity and critical problem solving skill and personality so that I can develop my career as a successful manager in a reputed organisation. References Dever, R. L., Mills, A. J. (2015). Are we still telling female students they cant lead?.Integrating Gender Equality into Business and Management Education: Lessons Learned and Challenges Remaining, 165. Forbes (2013). Forbes.com. Retrieved 18 November 2016, from https://www.forbes.com/sites/johnkotter/2013/10/17/angela-ahrendts-high-class-ceo-not-for-the-reasons-youd-think/#677f289d6bce Joo, B. K. B., Sushko, J. S., McLean, G. N. (2012). Multiple faces of coaching: Manager-as-coach, executive coaching, and formal mentoring.Organization Development Journal,30(1), 19. Koplyay, T., Chillingworth, L., Mitchell, B. (2013). Corporate Lifecycles: Modelling the Dynamics of Innovation and Its Support Infrastructure.Technology Innovation Management Review,3(10), 22. ols.apicollege.edu.au (2016) Professional Development and Ethics. Retrieved 18 November 2016, from https://ols.apicollege.edu.au/downloads/CPD1102/CPD1102_Unit_Study_Guide.pdf

Mba Syllabus Essay Example

Mba Syllabus Essay Maximum Marks: 100 External Marks: 60 Internal Marks: 40 Credit Units: 4 L| T| P| 4| 0| 0| Learning Outcomes: * On completion of the syllabi, the student will understand the basic Principles of Management and their application in modern day business at different layers of organization so as to understand how to run an organization smoothly and efficiently. * An in-depth knowledge about working of an organization. * Student will also get sensitized about new and contemporary developments in the field of management. UNIT-I Introduction to Management: Definition, Process, Functions of Management. Evolution of Management thoughts – Contribution of F. W. Taylor, Henry Fayol, Elton Mayo, and Hawthorne studies. Planning: Planning Process, Types of Plans Organizination: Form of Organizination,Line, Lineamp; Staff amp; Functional Authority. Span of Control Business and its features. Type of Business and Forms of Business Organization. UNIT-II Staffing: Recruitment, Selection, Induction, Placement and Training. Power and Authority: Delegation of Authority, Centralization and Decentralization of Authority, Difference between Power and Authority Dynamics of Motivation: Contribution of Maslow and Herzberg to the theory of Motivation. Controlling: Types of control, Process, Requirement for Adequate control, Performance Appraisal :Need, Method of appraisal (Traditional and Modern ) Leadership and its Styles . UNIT-III Informal Groups and their relevance in the present economic scenario Corporate Social Responsibility: Issues and Concerns Relevance of Creativity ,Innovation and Jugad in the new Economic System. Cross Cultural management amp; Enterpenureship. Concept of inclusive Growth. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS 1. Ghuman Karminder and K Aswathappa, Management Concepts, Practice and Cases, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi 2. Koontz, ODonnell, Weigh rich: Essentials of Management, Tata Mcgraw Hill , New Delhi. 3. We will write a custom essay sample on Mba Syllabus specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mba Syllabus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mba Syllabus specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Stoner, Freeman, Gilbert Jr. : Management, Pearson education, New Delhi. NOTE FOR THE PAPER SETTER The syllabus has been divided into three units. Paper setter will set 3 questions from each unit and 1 compulsory question spread over the whole syllabus consisting of 5 short answer questions. Compulsory question will be placed at number one. Candidate shall be required to attempt 6 questions in all including compulsory question and selecting not more than 2 questions from each unit. All questions carry equal marks. MBT 402: MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS Maximum Marks: 100 External Marks: 60 Internal Marks: 40 Credit Units: 4 L| T| P| 4| 0| 0| Learning Outcomes: On completion of the syllabus this course on Managerial Economics will provide understanding of: * Fundamental concepts and theories of Economics and their application to the different functional areas of business management and business decision making for the sake of better output orientation and efficiency. * It will provide knowledge about the concepts of elasticity of demand, and economies of scale for business expansion. The knowledge about the demand projection and price behavior will help students to adopt a judicious forward business planning for the sake of stability and growth. Unit-I Traditional and Modern definitions of Managerial Economics based upon the concepts of scarcity and optimization. Application of economic concepts of the concepts of Cost, Opportunity Cost, Incremental Cost, Revenue and Profit. Fundamentals of Demand: Demand Function, Determinants, Law of Demand and its Exceptions, Change in Demand, Kinds of Demand and Network Externalities in Market Demand. Demand Forecasting, Elasticity of Demand, Price Elasticity of Demand, Degrees, Determinants, Measures, Income Elasticity of Demand, and Cross Elasticity of Demand. Consumer Behavior:: Theory of Utility, Concept of Marginal Utility, Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility, Law of Equi-Marginal Utility and Indifference Curve Analysis: Properties, Budget Line, Determination of Consumer Equilibrium, Explanation and Measurement of Price Effect, Income Effect and Substitution Effect. Unit-II Production Analysis: Production Frontier, Short run and Long run Production Function, Iso-quant Curves, Producer Equilibrium, Optimal Combination of Inputs and Economies of Scale. Theory of Cost and Revenue Analysis: Cost and Revenue Concepts: Long Run and Short Run Cost Curves, Traditional and Modern Theory of Cost: Relationship between Total Revenue, Average Revenue and Marginal Revenue. Market Structure: Perfect Competition, Monopoly, Monopolistic Competition and Oligopoly, Firms Goals: profit maximization, sale maximization, business expansion and good will promotion. Unit-III Macro Economics: Concept of National Income, its Methods of Measurement, and Circular Flow of Income.. Classical Theory and Keynesian Theory of Employment: A comparative analysis of Classical and Keynesian Theory of Employment with regard to their Assumptions, Characteristics. Keynesian Tools Consumption, Saving investment and Multiplier. Business Cycles Fiscal and Monetary Policies. Inflation: Concept, Causes and Theories of Inflation. Text Books 1. Ahuja, H. L. Macroeconomics, Theory and Policy, S. Chand amp; Co. , New Delhi. 2 Chopra, P. N. (2010). Managerial Economics, Kalyani Publishers, New Delhi. 3 Dwivedi, D. N. , Managerial Economics, Vikas Publications, New Delhi. Reference Books 1. Peterson and Lewis, Managerial Economic, Prentice Hall of India, New Delhi. 2. Salvatore, Dominick and Ravikesh Srivastava (2009). Managerial Economics: Principles and Worldwide Applications, pp. 1-13, Oxford Univ. Press, New Delhi. NOTE FOR THE PAPER SETTER The syllabus has been divided into three units. Paper setter will set 3 questions from each unit and 1 compulsory question spread over the whole syllabus consisting of 5 short answer questions. Compulsory question will be placed at number one. Candidate shall be required to attempt 6 questions in all including compulsory question and selecting not more than 2 questions from each unit. All questions carry equal marks. MBT 403: QUANTITATIVE TECHNIQUES FOR MANAGERS Maximum Marks: 100 External Marks: 60 Internal Marks: 40 Credit Units: 4 L| T| P| 3| 2| 0| Learning Outcomes: On completion of the syllabus, the students will be able to: * Solve various mathematical problems based on Compound interest, depreciation, annuity etc. to be applied in business management. * Understand the concept of probability, permutation and combinations, which will be helpful to him in solving various business related problems. * Learn mathematical and statistical techniques that aid in the understanding of financial decisions involving interest, annuities, investments etc. Unit: I Role of Mathematics and Statistics in Business Decisions: Compound interest, depreciation and annuities, Arithmetic Progression amp; Geometric Progression Matrices and Determinant: Concepts of Matrices, Type, Adjoint and inverse of a Matrix: Concepts of Determinants, Solution of Simultaneous Linear Equations of two and three variables using Matrix inverse Techniques and Cramer’s Rule, Business Applications. Unit: II Knowledge about various statistical techniques like, Measures of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode Measures of Dispersion: Range Quartile Deviation, Mean Deviation, and Standard Deviation and Coefficient of Variance. Skewness amp; Kurtosis: Concept and Measures Correlation Analysis: Rank Method amp; Karl Pearsons Coefficient of Correlation Regression Analysis: Simple, Partial amp; Multiple regression. Fitting of a Regression Line. Unit: III Permutation and Combination Theory of Probability Binomial Distribution, Poisson distribution and Normal distribution. Index Numbers, Time Series Analysis, Decision Tree will enable a students to have a glimpse of various statistical techniques to be used for the purpose of decision making and measurement of various variables. Text Books: 1. Gupta, Statistical Methods, Sultan Chand, New Delhi. 2. Levins amp; Krehbiel, Business Statistics, Pearson Berenson, Prentice Hall, India. 3. Levin amp; Rubin: Statistics for Management, Prentice Hall India, New Delhi. 4. Sancheti amp; Kapoor, Business Mathematics, Sultan Chand, New Delhi. NOTE FOR THE PAPER SETTER The syllabus has been divided into three units. Paper setter will set 3 questions from each unit and 1 compulsory question spread over the whole syllabus consisting of 5 short answer questions. Compulsory question will be placed at number one. Candidate shall be required to attempt 6 questions in all including compulsory question and selecting not more than 2 questions from each unit. All questions carry equal marks. MBT 404: ACCOUNTING FOR MANAGERS Maximum Marks: 100 External Marks: 60 Internal Marks: 40 Credit Units: 4 L| T| P| 3| 2| 0| Learning Outcomes: On completion of the syllabus, the student will possess: * Understanding of the basic Principles of Accounting, Accounting Standards, Reading and Analyzing Balance sheets and its application in modern day business * Knowledge of concepts those are helpful in financial decision making etc. * Knowledge about new and contemporary developments in Accounting. * Understanding of the application of accounting fundamentals to business organizations and various managerial processes in an organization. UNIT-I Concept of Book-Keeping and Accounting Fundamentals. GAAP and International Accounting Standards Financial Accounting: Fundamentals concepts and conventions, concept of Double Entry System Journal ` Ledger and Trial Balance Trading amp; Profit Loss Account Balance Sheet UNIT-II Financial Statement Analysis, Ratio analysis Funds Flow Analysis Cash Flow Analysis Management  Accounting. Cost Accounting: Cost Sheet UNIT-III Marginal Costing. Absorption Costing. Break Even Analysis and Margin of  Safety. Standard Cost and standard Costing System. Variance  Analysis with respect to Material Cost and labour cost Human Resource  Accounting. Responsibility Accounting and Responsibility Centers Text Books 1. Hanif and Mukherjee, Modern Accountancy, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 2. Maheshwari S. N. , Accounting for Management, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi. 3. Tulsian, Financial Accounting, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. Reference Books:- 1. Horngren, Sundem, Introduction to Management, Prentice Hall India, New Delhi. . Kishor Ravi M, Cost accounting and financial management, Taxman Publishers, New Delhi. 3. Shukla, Grewal and S. C. Gupta, Advanced Accounts, Sultan Chand and Sons, New Delhi. NOTE FOR THE PAPER SETTER The syllabus has been divided into three units. Paper setter will set 3 questions from each unit and 1 compulsory question spread over the whole syllabus consisting of 5 short answer questi ons. Compulsory question will be placed at number one. Candidate shall be required to attempt 6 questions in all including compulsory question and selecting not more than 2 questions from each unit. All questions carry equal marks. MBT 405: ORGANISATIONAL BEHAVIOUR AND DYNAMICS Maximum Marks: 100 External Marks: 60 Internal Marks: 40 Credit Units: 4 L| T| P| 4| 0| 0| Learning Outcomes: * On completion of the syllabi, the student will understand the basic Principles of Management and their application in modern day business at different layers of organization so as to understand how to run an organization smoothly and efficiently. * An in-depth knowledge about working of an organization. * Student will also get sensitized about new and contemporary developments in the field of management. UNIT I Organizational Behaviour: Concept and Application, Challenges to Organisational Behaviour, Desciplines contributing to Organsational Behaviour. Individual Behaviour Personality, traits Learning and its theories Attitude and attitude formation Perception, Stereotyping, Hallo Effect Motivation: Theories amp; Application UNIT II Group Dynamics: Group Norms; Group Cohesiveness Stress: Types; Sources and Management of stress Leadership: Styles, Models, Theories of Leadership Power and Politics: Definition; Types of Powers; Sources; Characteristics; Effective use of Power Conflict Management: Constructive amp; Destructive conflict, Conflict Process Strategies for encouraging constructive conflict, Strategies for resolving destructive conflict. UNIT III Organisational Dynamics; Organisational design Organisational Effectiveness: Meaning, approaches Organisational Culture: Meaning, significance Organizational Climate: Implications on organizational behavior Organizational Change: Meaning; Causes of change; Resistance of change; Management of change RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS 1. Aswathappa K, Organisational Behaviour, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. 2. Luthans Fred, Organisational Behaviour, McGraw Hill Book Co, New Delhi. 3. Robbins P Stephen, Organisational Behaviour, Prentice Hall, New Delhi. NOTE FOR THE PAPER SETTER The syllabus has been divided into three units. Paper setter will set 3 questions from each unit and 1 compulsory question spread over the whole syllabus consisting of 5 short answer questions. Compulsory question will be placed at number one. Candidate shall be required to attempt 6 questions in all including compulsory question and selecting not more than 2 questions from each unit. All questions carry equal marks. MBT406: IT IN MANAGEMENT Maximum Marks: 100 External Marks: 60 Internal Marks: 40 Credit Units: 4 L| T| P| 3| 0| 2| Learning Outcomes: This course will provide understanding of: * Applications of Information Technology in an organization and as a tool of managerial decision making. * Contemporary developments in IT field. * Computer fundamentals, introduction to computer network, Ms Office tools like MS Word, MS excel, MS PowerPoint amp; Introduction to Operating System, its types. UNIT-I IT Fundamentals: Software- Types of software, Applications of IT Uses of Internet Search fundamentals, search engines and meta search engines, Search Engine Optimization (SEO) Introduction to Networking, Overview of Network types: LAN, MAN, WAN, Network Topologies Overview of DBMS, RDBMS, Types of Database Structures. Introduction to: SAP, ERP, CRM, EDP, SCM Introduction  to  E-Business: Electronic Commerce Models, Value Chains in Electronic Commerce, E-Commerce in India. UNIT-II Application and Usage of MS-Word: Word Basics, Rand () function Working with fonts, Aligning text, Line spacing, Page Numbering Headers amp; Footers, Headers amp; Footers on even pages amp; odd pages Drop Cap, Page orientation, Page background, Bullets amp; Numbering, Printing Documents Drawing features Mail Merge Tables: Creating table, Adding rows amp; columns, Merging amp; splitting of cells, Using formulas in tables, Converting text to table amp; vice versa UNIT-III Ms-Excel: Excel basics, Worksheet vs. Workbook, Inserting and deleting worksheet, Rename worksheet, Auto fill, Wrap text, Merging Of cells, Using filters Sorting Data,Cell addressing, Using formulas, Paste special, Cell referencing, Working of If function, Printing worksheets, Inserting charts. Ms-PowerPoint: Basics, Different views of slide, apply design templates, Inserting header and footer, slide transition, adding animation, Inserting charts, Action Buttons. Text Book: 1. P. K. Sinha, Computer Fundamentals, BPB, New Delhi. 2. Ron Mansfield, MS-Office, Tech Publication, New Delhi. Reference Books: 1. Nidhi Dhawan, E-Commerce concepts and applications, International Book House Pvt. Ltd. , New Delhi. 2. Forouzan, Computer Networks, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. NOTE FOR THE PAPER SETTER The syllabus has been divided into three units. Paper setter will set 3 questions from each unit and 1 compulsory question spread over the whole syllabus consisting of 5 short answer questions. Compulsory question will be placed at number one. Candidate shall be required to attempt 6 questions in all including compulsory question and selecting not more than 2 questions from each unit. All questions carry equal marks. MBT 407: PROFESSIONAL COMMUNICATION FOR BUSINESS MANAGEMENT Maximum Marks: 100 External Marks: 60 Internal Marks: 40 Credit Units: 4 L| T| P| 4| 0| 0| Learning Outcomes: On completion of the syllabi the student will: * Understand Basic Principles of communication – and its application in modern day business. * Be in position to communicate effectively in English language in written as well as oral form. * Develop Interpersonal and business communication skills to interact effectively in professional and social situations. UNIT I Basic forms of Communication; Grapevine communication ; Barriers to effective communication, Communication process. Cs for effective business communication. Business manners and etiquettes, Telephone Etiquettes, e-mails etiquettes, Effective listening skills. Networks and channels of Communication. UNIT II Written communication skills Good News Letter, Bad News Letter, Persuasive sales letters, Informative Letters, Inter-office memorandums, Paragraph Writing, Developing brochures. Drafting a CV, job application (Cover Letter) Tenses, Subject-Verb Agreement. Vocabulary: Similar sounding words with different meanings, business terminology. Short reports UNIT III Reading Comprehension Extempore speaking, Public Speaking. Group Discussion amp; Interviews. Planning and leading meetings, common obstacles in conducting meeting Negotiations Skills: Stages of negotiation process and negotiation strategies. Mass Media: Press releases and organizing Press conferences and Media interviews. References: 1. Chaturvedi; Mukesh Chaturvedi P. D. Chaturvedi,  (E. 2004) Business Communication: Concepts, Cases and Applications, Pearson, New Delhi. 2. Lesikar R. V. ; Petit J. D. , (January 19, 2010), Lesikars Business Communication, McGraw-Hill/Irwin; 12 edition, New Delhi. 3. Mary Ellen Guffey,  Dana Loewy,(2009), Essentials of Business Communication, Cengage Learning, New Delhi. 4. Sharma R. C amp; Krishna Mohan (2002), Business correspondence and Report Writing, Tata McGraw-Hill Education, New Delhi. NOTE FOR THE PAPER SETTER The syllabus has been divided into three units. Paper setter will set 3 questions from each unit and 1 compulsory question spread over the whole syllabus consisting of 5 short answer questions. Compulsory question will be placed at number one. Candidate shall be required to attempt 6 questions in all including compulsory question and selecting not more than 2 questions from each unit. All questions carry equal marks. MBA 2nd Semester CODES| SUBJECT TITLE| INTERNAL MARKS| EXTERNALMARKS| CREDITUNITS| Lecture| Tutorial| Practical| MBT 421| Business Environment| 40| 60| 4| 4| 0| 0| MBT 422| Financial Management| 40| 60| 4| 3| 2| 0| MBT 423| Marketing Fundamentals| 40| 60| 4| 4| 0| 0| MBT 424| Managing Human Resources| 40| 60| 4| 4| 0| 0| MBT 425| Research Methodology| 40| 60| 4| 4| 0| 0| MBT 426| Production and Operations Management| 40| 60| 4| 4| 0| 0| MBT 427| Corporate Legal Environment| 40| 60| 4| 4| 0| 0| MBP 428| *Comprehensive Viva-Voce| -| 100| 4| | | | MBT421: BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT Maximum Marks: 100 External Marks: 60 Internal Marks: 40 Credit Units: 4 L| T| P| 4| 0| 0| Learning Outcome: On completion of the syllabi, the students should be in a position to understand: * The Business Environment with special reference to Indian Corporate World. * The influencing factors prevailing in Business Environment – and their effect on modern day business internally and externally. Various techniques to scan the Business Environment. UNIT-I Business Environment – Introduction, different Components and Techniques to scan Business Environment Economic Environment Different Economic Systems and Economic Policies (Industrial, Monetary, and Fiscal and Current Economic Policies) Political Environment Political Institutions i. e. Legislature, Executive and Jud iciary, Changing Role of Government in Business Environment amp; Impact UNIT-II Legal Environment Company regulatory legislations in India: FEMA, Competition Law, EXIM Policies Social Environment- Social Responsibility of Business, Consumer Protection Act 1986, The Environment Protection Act 1986 amp; its Impact UNIT-III Technological Environment Different Types and the Level of Technology, Impact of Technology on Business amp; Problems in Technology Transfer Global Environment Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), WTO- Its Role and Functions MNCs, International Institutions and Trading Blocs TEXT BOOKS 1. Aggarwal Raj amp; Saksena S . Business Environment, Excel Books, New Delhi. 2. Aswathappa, K. (2009). Essential of Business Environment, Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi, Hyderabad. 3. Cherunilam, F. (2011). Business Environment: Text and Cases, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai 4. Mishra and Puri (2008). Indian Economy – Its Development Experience, Himalaya Publishing House, New Delhi, Bangalore. NOTE FOR THE PAPER SETTER The syllabus has been divided into three units. Paper setter will set 3 questions from each unit and 1 compulsory question spread over the whole syllabus consisting of 5 short answer questions. Compulsory question will be placed at number one. Candidate shall be required to attempt 6 questions in all including compulsory question and selecting not more than 2 questions from each unit. All questions carry equal marks. MBT422: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Maximum Marks: 100 External Marks: 60 Internal Marks: 40 Credit Units: 4 L| T| P| 3| 2| 0| Learning Outcome: On completion of the syllabi the student will be able to: Effectively communicate results from financial analysis to other interested parties with limited backgrounds in finance. * There will be a clear understanding of different areas of Financial Management related to Financial Planning, Organizing and Controlling. * Have understanding important financial concepts and analytical tools used in the financial decision making process in an efficient and informative manner that facilit ates analyzing and interpreting financial research in an intuitive and economically meaningful fashion. Unit I Financial Management: An Overview Financial System: Assets, Markets, Intermediaries and Regulatory Framework Indian Financial System Capital Market and Money Market Concepts in Valuation: Time value of money, Present Values, IRR, Bond returns, Return from Stock Market Investments. Unit – II Working Capital Management, Receivables Management, Inventory Management, and Cash Management. EVA and MVA. Leverage Capital Assets Pricing Theory (CAPM) and Arbitrage Theory. Lease financing Unit – III Capital Structure Theories of Capital Structure Dividend Policy Corporate Restructuring Capital Budgeting Text Books: 1. Chandra, Prasanna â€Å"Financial Management†, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. 2. James C Van Horne-Prentice-Hall,India, New Delhi. . Khan M. Y. amp; Jain P. K -Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. 4. Pandey, I. M. â€Å"Financial Management†, Vikas Publishing House, New Delhi. Reference Books- 1. Kulkarni, P. V. â€Å"Financial Management†, Himalaya Publishing House, Bombay. 2. Maheswari S. N. â€Å"Principles of Financial Management†, Sultan Chand amp; Sons, New Delhi. NOTE FOR THE PAPER SETTER The syllabus has been divided into three units. Paper setter will set 3 questions from each unit and 1 compulsory question spread over the whole syllabus consisting of 5 short answer questions. Compulsory question will be laced at number one. Candidate sha ll be required to attempt 6 questions in all including compulsory question and selecting not more than 2 questions from each unit. All questions carry equal marks. MBT423: MARKETING FUNDAMENTALS Maximum Marks: 100 External Marks: 60 Internal Marks: 40 Credit Units: 4 L| T| P| 4| 0| 0| Learning Outcomes: On completion of the syllabus the student will: * Understand the basic Principles of Marketing and its application in current business scenario. * Become aware of Marketing Management Process, Research tools, Advertising fundamentals, etc. Have overview about new and contemporary developments in Marketing Management. UNIT-I Introduction: Marketing Concepts, Strategic Marketing, Marketing Management Process. Micro and Macro Marketing Environment. Ethics in Marketing Segmentation Targeting and Positioning: bases of market segmentation, target market and effective position the products. Consumer Behavior: demographic, geographic, lifestyle, geo-demographic and socioeconomic factors. Pro duct Life Cycle UNIT-II Marketing Mix: Components of Product and Services Marketing Mix marketing strategy/tactics. Product: Product Type, Product Line, Brand, brand building strategies, Packaging and Labeling. Pricing: objectives, methods, strategies, price bifurcation, and process Distribution channels: channels of distribution, types of Intermediaries Sales Force Management: Sales Planning, Forecasting, Sales Force Management. UNIT-III Promotion Mix: Advertising, Direct Marketing, Personal Selling, Sales Promotion, Integrated Market communications: Sales Promotion activities and methods used for communicating. Customer Relationship Management: * Customer Relationship Management * Viral Marketing * Network Marketing * Social Media Marketing Marketing in India: marketing practices prevalent in Rural and Urban India and positioning/promoting/distributing products. Text Books: 1. Chhabra, T N and Grover S K, Marketing Management, Dhanpat Rai amp; Co. New Delhi. 2. Kotler Philip, Marketing Management, Prentice-Hall, India 3. Ramaswamy, Namakumari, Marketing Management, Macmillan India Reference Books- 1. Keegan, Warren J, Sandra and Duncan, Marketing, Prentice Hall, New Delhi. 2. Kotler Philip and Keller Kevin Marketing Management, Pearson Education, India. 3. Saxena Rajan, Marketing Management, Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi. NOTE FOR THE PAPER SETTER The syllabus has been divided into three units. Paper setter will set 3 questions from each unit and 1 compulsory question spread over the whole syllabus consisting of 5 short answer questions. Compulsory question will be placed at number one. Candidate shall be required to attempt 6 questions in all including compulsory question and selecting not more than 2 questions from each unit. All questions carry equal marks. MBT424: MANAGING HUMAN RESOURCES Maximum Marks: 100 External Marks: 60 Internal Marks: 40 Credit Units: 4 L| T| P| 4| 0| 0| Learning Outcome: The student will learn about: * Basic principles of Human Resource Management: How an organization acquires, rewards, motivates, uses, and generally manages its people effectively. * Practices and techniques for evaluating performance and performing the wide range of other people related duties of a manager in today’s increasingly complex workplace. Practical situations and problem solving regarding areas of employee counseling, discipline and termination. * The importance of maintaining fair and equitable compensation and benefit programs will be discussed. Unit-I Human Resource Management: Concept, Evolution and Challenges Brief Introduction to Strategic HRM. Personnel Policies. Job Analysis HR planning Recruitment and Selection Placement and Induction. Human resource development Unit-II Training and development Career planning, career development and Succession Planning. Job design amp; Job evaluation. Performance Appraisal Promotion; Transfers; Demotions. Compensation Administration, wages amp; salary administration Managing Employee benefits, Managing work conditions such as health amp; safety, Employee welfare, social security. Unit-III. Managing Employee Grievances: Meaning, Causes, Grievance handling procedure; Discipline (2hrs) Collective Bargaining, Workers Participation, and Employee Empowerment Trade Unions: Objectives, Functions Industrial Relations and Industrial disputes. Job stress, counseling; Quality of work life HRIS, HR Audit; Managing ethical issues in HRM; Implications for HRM amp; HRD; Contemporary issues in HRM; International HR practices; e-HR. TEXT BOOKS: 1. Aswathappa, K. , Human Resource Management, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. 2. Dessler, G. , Human Resource Management, Prentice-Hall, Delhi. 3. Rao, V. S. P. , Human Resource Management: Text and cases, Excel Books, New Delhi. REFERENCE BOOKS: . 1. Decenzo A Davide amp; Robbins P Stephen, Personnel/Human Resource Management, Prentice-Hall, India 2. Ivancevich M John, Human Resource Management, TMH, Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. 3. Mamoria, C. B. , Personnel Management, Himalaya Publishing House, Mumbai. NOTE FOR THE PAPER SETTER The syllabus has been divided into three units. Paper setter will set 3 questions from each unit and 1 compulsory question spread over the whole syllabus consisting of 5 short answer questions. Compulsory question will be placed at number one. Candidate shall be required to attempt 6 questions in all including compulsory question and selecting not more than 2 questions from each unit. All questions carry equal marks. MBT425: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY Maximum Marks: 100 External Marks: 60 Internal Marks: 40 Credit Units: 4 L| T| P| 4| 0| 0| Learning Outcomes: At the conclusion of the course students should be able to: 1) develop understanding of Statistics as applicable to Business Management and its use and relevance in areas of research (2) Develop the skills to identify the appropriate statistical techniques for the analysis of data (3) Learn how to collect, analyze, present and interpret research data with the help of statistical Software SPSS, SAS OR STATGRAPHICS (4) Use various sampling techniques, research designs, data collectio n procedures, and methods of analyzing data. (5) Interpretation and Decision Making with the help of Statistics. Unit I Introduction to Research: Definition, Objectives, Limitations, and Types. Research Process an overview: Research Designs: Exploratory, Descriptive and Experimental designs: Randomized Block Design, Latin Square Design and Factorial Design, Basic Principles of Research Design. Sampling Design: Sampling design Concepts, types of sampling: Simple Random Sampling, Stratified Sampling, Systematic and Cluster Sampling, Area Sampling, Judgment Sampling, Quota Sampling, Snowball Sampling and their applicability, Criteria of Selecting a Sampling Procedure. Unit II Tools amp; Techniques of Data Collection: Primary amp; Secondary. Classification amp; Tabulation of Data, Graphical Representation of Data. Designing of Questionnaire. Scales of Measurement: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio. Types of Scales: Ranking and Rating Scales. Scaling Techniques: Likert, Thurston, Semantic Differential Scaling techniques and Scale Construction Techniques Unit III Hypothesis Testing: Hypothesis Formation, Significance level, One tailed Test and Two tailed test, degree of freedom and Errors in Hypothesis Testing. Parametric Test: t-Test, F-test, Z-test, Chi-Square Test Analysis of Variance: ANOVA – 1 way and ANOVA 2 way. Non-Parametric Tests: Sign Test, Wilcoxon Matched Pairs Test, Wilcoxon- Mann-Whitney Test (U-Test), will help the student to choose most suitable test for analysis. RECOMMENDED TEXT BOOKS 1. Beri, G. C. Business Statistics, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. , New Delhi, 2nd Edition. 2. Donald R. Cooper amp; Pamela S. Schindler, Business Research Methods, Tata McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. Ltd. , New Delhi, 9th Edition. 3. Gupta S. C, (2010) â€Å"Fundamentals of Statistics†, , 6th Ed. HPH, Mumbai. 4. Gupta S. P, (2002) Statistical Methods, Sultan Chand amp; Sons, New Delhi. 5. Sharma, (2005), J. K. Business Statistics, Pearson Education, New Delhi, 3rd Reprint. NOTE FOR THE PAPER SETTER The syllabus has been divided into three units. Paper setter will set 3 questions from each unit and 1 compulsory question spread over the whole syllabus consisting of 5 short answer questions. Compulsory question will be placed at number one. Candidate shall be required to attempt 6 questions in all including compulsory question and selecting not more than 2 questions from each unit. All questions carry equal marks. MBT426: PRODUCTION AND OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT Maximum Marks: 100 External Marks: 60 Internal Marks: 40 Credit Units: 4 L| T| P| 4| 0| 0| Learning Outcome: The students will be able to have: * Knowledge and skills of Operations Management for improving organizational performance under Global environment. * Comprehension of the Manufacturing Resource Planning concept and how to apply Manufacturing Resource Planning techniques and principles. * An understanding of Industrial applications of Operations Management Principles. * Competency in application of various statistical and mathematical techniques in a

Origins of Slavery in Virginia essays

Origins of Slavery in Virginia essays Slavery in Virginia was a trend that spread throughout the state. Many factors made slavery possible in Virginia. Some key factors that lead to the development of slavery was the supply of labor, the cost of labor, the life span of colonist, the fear of lower class rebellion, the legal structure, and racism. The supply of labor in Virginia before the 1660s was mostly done my indentured servants. Indentured servants were males usually under 25, single, and lacked land in England and came to America for a new beginning. Indentured servants contracts usually lasted three to five years and occasionally seven in some cases. Many indentured servants were treated poorly and often abused. These indentured servants would often write back to their home in England tell of their horrific treatment that was bestowed upon them. A shortage of indentured servants was also brought about by the Plague of 1665 which devastated the English population along with London Fire the following year which created a new need for workers of all kinds to rebuild the capital. For these many reasons, the supply of indentured servants fell while the demand for labor rose. Another factor that lead to the development of slavery was the cost of an African slave compared to an indentured servant. A landowner had to buy an indentured servant every few years to take the place of another indentured servant due to their contract expiring. A slave, on the other hand, was bought and could provide many years of service because they could not be freed after a few short years of service. In fact, many slaves had children that were born into slavery which was free labor for the landlord. For many planters it only made sense, economically, to buy slaves. The life expectancy in the area around Virginia increased due to sturdier dwellings and more stable living conditions. This further motivated planters to move away from ...

Gender and psychology in Carol Ann Duffy's poems Thesis Proposal

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